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Contrasting effects of wild and domestic ungulates on fine-scale responses of vegetation to climate and herbivory

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Abstract

Context

Wild ungulates and livestock modify a large range of vegetation patterns and processes at the landscape scale. However, we still lack studies that address how changes in herbivores' type and management can determine small-scale ecosystem functioning.

Objectives

We compared landscape vegetation processes within a traditional livestock grazing (transhumant) and a system consisting exclusively of wild ungulates. We also investigated methodological approaches to map very fine spatial-scale changes in vegetation structure and functioning over time in a mountainous Mediterranean system (Iberian Peninsula).

Methods

We performed different UAV flights per season over exclusion fences, within these two long-term grazing contexts. Later, we processed images to obtain spatially explicit data on vegetation structure (vegetation cover and mean vegetation patch area) and vegetation greenness (NDVI).

Results

Very high spatial-resolution images provided key information on the spatial distribution and seasonal oscillation of small vegetation patches. Mean annual NDVI showed similar values in both grazing contexts albeit seasonal and annual differences in NDVI between grazed and ungrazed areas. Vegetation cover remained rather constant across seasons but differed between grazing contexts and fencing. The mean vegetation patch area changed seasonally according to the grazing context, without significant differences in mean annual values in fenced and non-fenced areas.

Conclusions

Accurate image classification helped to uncover differences in vegetation functioning in presence of wild ungulates and livestock. Multi-temporal studies at this fine-scale level improve the detection of ephemeral vegetation patches and increase the comprehension of cascade processes mediated by both ungulate groups, such as vegetation response to climate. The temporal and spatial vegetation patterns should be considered before the implementation of management measures, especially in landscapes within potential rewilding processes.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Paloma Prieto, David Cuerda and Francisco Martinez, and the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura, and Las Villas Natural Park for their support. This study forms part of the AGROALNEXT (2022/038) programme and was supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat Valenciana. This study also forms part of the DIGITALPAST (TED2021-130005B-C21) project and was supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. This study also forms part of the TRASCAR (RTI2018-099609-B-C21) project and was supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 with funding from European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). JMB was supported by Generalitat Valenciana with the program PlanGenT (CIDEGENT/2020/030).

Funding

This study forms part of the AGROALNEXT (2022/038) programme and was supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and by Generalitat Valenciana. This study also forms part of the DIGITALPAST (TED2021-130005B-C21) project and was supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. This study also forms part of the TRASCAR (RTI2018-099609-B-C21) project and was supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 with funding from European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). JMB was supported by Generalitat Valenciana with the program PlanGenT (CIDEGENT/2020/030).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Biology, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. Universidad, s/n. Edf. Vinalopó, 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain

    M. Velamazán, J. A. Sánchez-Zapata, E. G. Jacquemin & J. M. Barbosa

  2. Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Miguel Hernández University, Avda. Universidad, s/n. Edificio Alcudia, 03202, Elche (Alicante), Spain

    R. Moral-Herrero & J. A. Sáez-Tovar

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  1. M. Velamazán
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MV, JASZ and JMB contributed to the study conception and design. MV, EJ and JMB collected and processed the images and analyzed the data. All authors contributed to the writing process of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to M. Velamazán.

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Velamazán, M., Sánchez-Zapata, J.A., Moral-Herrero, R. et al. Contrasting effects of wild and domestic ungulates on fine-scale responses of vegetation to climate and herbivory. Landsc Ecol 38, 3463–3478 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-023-01676-0

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