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Controls on spatial patterns of wildfire severity and early post-fire vegetation development in an Arizona Sky Island, USA

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Abstract

Context

Spatial patterns of vegetation change and fire severity are influenced by fire exclusion, topography and weather conditions during a fire. Since the late nineteenth century, fire exclusion has increased vegetation cover which could influence fire severity and post-fire vegetation composition.

Objectives

We use field measurements and remote sensing of a 2011 wildfire to answer the following questions: (1) How did twentieth century vegetation change influence fire severity patterns? (2) What were the key drivers of wildfire severity? (3) Did initial post-fire development indicate stability or a shift in woody plant composition.

Methods

Repeat aerial photography and pre and post fire field measurements were used to quantify twentieth century vegetation change and measure wildfire effects. Spatial controls on 2011 fire severity were determined using geospatial layers of vegetation type and change, topography, fire weather, daily fire extent, and fire severity.

Results

Vegetation changes since 1935 increased area of closed woodlands and shrublands and the 2011 fire reversed this trend and increased heterogeneity of vegetation types. Vegetation in plots experienced a post-fire shift towards resprouting species. At the landscape scale, terrain and weather were the main variables controlling fire severity with modest contribution by vegetation type and areas with vegetation change since 1935.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that wildfire severity in this landscape is strongly influenced by weather and terrain and wildfires reverse the effects of fire exclusion. Using terrain based landscape compartments for prescribed and wildfire management would help maintain the heterogeneous effects of the 2011 fire into future.

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Acknowledgements

Support for this research was provided by the Western National Parks Association (2017), USDI cooperative agreements between The Pennsylvania State University (CA4000-8-9028), the University of Southern Maine (P17AC00940), the United States Forest Service Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education under Department of Energy Contract (DE-SC0014664) and Wesleyan University’s Robert Schumann Institute of the College of the Environment. We thank Carrie Dennett, Alan Whalon, and Chiricahua National Monument for logistical support. Field assistance by Wyatt McCurdy, Michael Donnelly, Hunter Vannier, Michael Freiburger, Tom Saladyga, Tom Nagel, and Beth Auman, was greatly appreciated and Lucas Harris provided helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Alan H. Taylor

  2. College of the Environment, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA

    Helen M. Poulos

  3. Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

    Jennifer Kluber & Rachel Issacs

  4. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Wenatchee Forestry Sciences Lab, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA

    Natalie Pawlikowski

  5. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA

    Natalie Pawlikowski

  6. Department of Biology, University of Maine at Farmington, Farmington, ME, 04938, USA

    Andrew M. Barton

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Taylor, A.H., Poulos, H.M., Kluber, J. et al. Controls on spatial patterns of wildfire severity and early post-fire vegetation development in an Arizona Sky Island, USA. Landscape Ecol 36, 2637–2656 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01260-4

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