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Climate, competition and weather conditions drive vertical displacement and habitat use of an alpine ungulate in a highly topographic landscape

Landscape Ecology volume 34, pages 2523–2539 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

Context

Many species experience ecosystem changes due to alterations in climate or interspecific interactions. Animals’ optimal use of landscapes involves adjusting spatial displacement and habitat use according to weather or climate, however, competitive interactions may affect such behavioural responses. Species in alpine landscapes are already at their upper altitudinal range, which can limit behavioural response to ecosystem changes.

Objectives

We investigated how ibex’s use of habitat and altitude was affected by weather, climate, and intra- and interspecific competition in an alpine landscape in Switzerland.

Methods

We combined data from GPS-collared ibex with data on temperature and precipitation, habitat and altitude, and abundance estimates of ibex, chamois, and red deer within the study area. We modelled how the temporal dynamics of habitat and altitude use by ibex was modified by weather, ungulate abundance, and their interactions.

Results

Short- and long-term weather conditions affected ibex’s use of landscape throughout the year as expected based on its ecology, with particularly strong effects of temperature during spring and summer. During spring and autumn, ibex used higher altitudes and less grassland when red deer abundance was high and ibex abundance low. The influence of weather and climate on how ibex used the landscape was only weakly affected by interspecific competition.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the way that ibex use the landscape is affected by environmental conditions and intra- and interspecific interactions. These factors seem to have additive effects on ibex behaviour.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all Swiss National Park rangers for conducting the visual observations of animals and carrying out all the work related to capturing and marking them. Numerous interns contributed sighting records of marked individuals. We would also thank three anonymous referees and the editor for comments on a previous version. IH was partly funded from the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, Project No. 223257, and the Project SUSTAIN, Project No. 244647.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Ivar Herfindal

  2. Swiss National Park, Zernez, Switzerland

    Pia Anderwald, Flurin Filli, Seraina Campell Andri & Thomas Rempfler

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  1. Ivar Herfindal
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  2. Pia Anderwald
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  3. Flurin Filli
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  4. Seraina Campell Andri
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Correspondence to Ivar Herfindal.

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Herfindal, I., Anderwald, P., Filli, F. et al. Climate, competition and weather conditions drive vertical displacement and habitat use of an alpine ungulate in a highly topographic landscape. Landscape Ecol 34, 2523–2539 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00902-y

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Keywords

  • Alpine ibex
  • Capra ibex
  • Chamois
  • Red deer
  • Elevation
  • Habitat
  • Species interactions
  • Swiss Alps