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Spatial heterogeneity in statistical power to detect changes in lake area in Alaskan National Wildlife Refuges

Landscape Ecology volume 28, pages 507–517 (2013)Cite this article

Abstract

Over the past 50 years, the number and size of high-latitude lakes have decreased throughout many regions; however, individual lake trends have been variable in direction and magnitude. This spatial heterogeneity in lake change makes statistical detection of temporal trends challenging, particularly in small analysis areas where weak trends are difficult to separate from inter- and intra-annual variability. Factors affecting trend detection include inherent variability, trend magnitude, and sample size. In this paper, we investigated how the statistical power to detect average linear trends in lake size of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 %/year was affected by the size of the analysis area and the number of years of monitoring in National Wildlife Refuges in Alaska. We estimated power for large (930–4,560 sq km) study areas within refuges and for 2.6, 12.9, and 25.9 sq km cells nested within study areas over temporal extents of 4–50 years. We found that: (1) trends in study areas could be detected within 5–15 years, (2) trends smaller than 2.0 %/year would take >50 years to detect in cells within study areas, and (3) there was substantial spatial variation in the time required to detect change among cells. Power was particularly low in the smallest cells which typically had the fewest lakes. Because small but ecologically meaningful trends may take decades to detect, early establishment of long-term monitoring will enhance power to detect change. Our results have broad applicability and our method is useful for any study involving change detection among variable spatial and temporal extents.

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Acknowledgments

Funding was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Geological Survey. Special thanks to Jay Ver Hoef for his comments on an early draft of this manuscript. Use of trade names does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

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Author notes

  1. Samuel Nicol

    Present address: CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757000, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7000, USA

    Samuel Nicol & Jennifer K. Roach

  2. U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 757020, Fairbanks, AK, 99775-7020, USA

    Brad Griffith

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  1. Samuel Nicol
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  2. Jennifer K. Roach
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Correspondence to Samuel Nicol.

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Nicol, S., Roach, J.K. & Griffith, B. Spatial heterogeneity in statistical power to detect changes in lake area in Alaskan National Wildlife Refuges. Landscape Ecol 28, 507–517 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9853-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9853-5

Keywords

  • Statistical power
  • Mixed model
  • Lake drying
  • Alaska
  • Temporal sampling
  • Regional trend
  • Trend detection
  • Climate change