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Effects of CuO mass concentrations on water-based CuO nanofluid heat pipe for thermal energy extraction: inhibition of coal spontaneous combustion

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Abstract

To inhibit coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) effectively, the heat pipe (HP) technology has been employed for extracting thermal energy. Nanofluids are a new type of working fluid with special properties that accelerate HPs heat transfer efficiency. Experimental tests for heat transfer were conducted at various CuO mass concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mass%) on water-based CuO nanofluid HP to further investigate the influence of the distribution of the coal temperature and heat extraction. Results indicated that the coal pile to vertically distribute temperature in the top area was the highest, that in the middle area was lower, and that in the bottom area was the lowest. The high-temperature area of the coal pile was concentrated at a distance < 150 mm from the heat source. The cooling efficiency and value of the HP on the coal pile exhibited the following order: 5 mass% > 10 mass% > 15 mass% > 0 mass% > 20 mass%. In addition, due to the increase in the CuO mass concentration, the cooling efficiency had an initial increase first followed by subsequent decrease. An optimal concentration was predicted at approximately 8.5–9 mass%. When the optimal concentration was 8.71 mass% CuO, the maximum heat transfer radius was 341 mm. Moreover, the temperature of the condensing part of the HP gradually drops and moves towards the cold end. Therefore, in the HP, the area near the bottom was the optimal location for heat extraction and utilisation. Thus, the scientific applications of the HP in the field of CSC should be considered substantially crucial.

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Abbreviations

\(A_{0}\), \(A_{{\text{r}}}\) :

Representing respectively the temperature difference at 0 mm and at r mm from the heat pipe/°C

A i, B i, C i :

Representing respectively lower, middle and upper thermocouple temperature/°C, numbered from left to right (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7)

D i :

Temperature of the heat pipe condensing part/°C, numbered from bottom to top (i = 1, 2, and 3)

H 1 :

Separation distance among the first four measuring points/mm

H 2 :

Distance among the last three measuring points/mm

H 3 :

Distance among A, B, C, and measuring points/mm

H 4 :

Depth of the heat pipe inserted into coal/mm

r :

Heat transfer range/mm

R 2 :

Correlation coefficient

\(\Delta T\) :

Cooling value/°C

\(T_{{\text{a}}}\), \(T_{{\text{b}}}\) :

Representing respectively temperature of the coal pile before inserting and after inserting the heat pipe/°C

X :

Length of the coal-loading cuboid cabinet/mm

x 1i :

Distance/mm, i = 1, 2, and 3 represent lower, middle, and upper layers, respectively

x 2i :

CuO concentration/mass%, i = 1, 2, and 3 represent A1, B1, and C1, respectively

Y :

Width of the coal-loading cuboid cabinet/mm

y 1i :

Temperature/°C, i = 1, 2, and 3 represent lower, middle, and upper layers, respectively

y 2i :

Cooling efficiency /%, i = 1, 2, and 3 represent A1, B1, and C1, respectively

Z :

Height of the coal-loading cuboid cabinet/mm

\(\eta\) :

Cooling efficiency/%

\(\lambda\) :

Average thermal conductivity/W m−1 K−1

\(C_{{\text{p}}}\) :

Average specific thermal capacity/kJ m−3 K−1

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by National Key R&D Programme of China (No. 2021YFC31008), and Liaoning Province Doctoral Research Launch Fund (No. 2022-BS-365).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, 232001, People’s Republic of China

    Hong Gao

  2. China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Shenyang Research Institute, Fushun, 113122, People’s Republic of China

    Hong Gao

  3. State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology, Fushun, 113122, People’s Republic of China

    Hong Gao

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Gao, H. Effects of CuO mass concentrations on water-based CuO nanofluid heat pipe for thermal energy extraction: inhibition of coal spontaneous combustion. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 13559–13568 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12637-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12637-9

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