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A comprehensive review of computational fluid dynamics simulation studies in phase change materials: applications, materials, and geometries

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Abstract

Thermal energy storage systems (TESS) have emerged as significant global concerns in the design and optimization of devices and processes aimed at maximizing energy utilization, minimizing energy loss, and reducing dependence on fossil fuel energy for both environmental and economic reasons. Phase change materials (PCMs) are widely recognized as promising candidates due to their high latent heat storage (LHS) capacity. This review thoroughly evaluates the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies conducted in various sections, encompassing materials, modeling, simulation, as well as the results, advantages, and disadvantages of these works. The study is organized into three distinct sections. The first section discusses the applications of PCMs in various areas, including lithium-ion batteries, solar applications, building applications, electronics, and heating and cooling systems. The second section provides a comprehensive summary of cylindrical, rectangular, spherical, arbitrary shapes, and packed-bed geometries employed in TESS. The third section investigates the different types of materials used as PCMs. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that industrial applications of hybrid nanocomposites incorporating PCMs in different geometries pose challenges, particularly in three-dimensional (3D) settings, where instability becomes a significant concern. Hence, further research and investigation are necessary to address these challenges adequately. In conclusion, this study serves as a reference review for future research endeavors in the field of simulating various PCMs in different geometries and applications. It provides valuable insights into the current state of knowledge, highlights potential areas for improvement, and offers guidance for advancing simulation techniques related to PCMs.

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Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Abbreviations

ASHRAE:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamic

CPCM:

Composite phase change material

CPU:

Central processing unit

CVFD:

Control-volume finite difference

e-NTU:

Effectiveness-number of transfer units

EG:

Expended graphite

ESS:

Energy storage systems

FDM:

Finite difference method

FEM:

Finite element method

FVM:

Finite volume method

HTC:

Heat transfer coefficient

HTF:

Heat transfer fluid

HTR:

Heat transfer rate

HTTD:

Heat transfer temperature difference

HVAC:

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

LHS:

Latent heat storage

LTES:

Latent thermal energy storage

NEPCM:

Nano-enhanced PCM

NP:

Nano particle

PCMs:

Phase change materials

PW:

Paraffin wax

RNG:

Renormalization group

SE:

Solar energy

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SHS:

Sensible heat storage

SST:

Shear stress transport

TCR:

Thermal contact resistance

TESS:

Thermal energy storage system

TMS:

Thermal management system

TS:

Thermal storage

TSS:

Thermal storage system

UDF:

User-defined function

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

A(β):

Porosity function

A mush :

Mushy zone constant

C P :

Specific heat

H :

Specific enthalpy

h :

Enthalpy

h sl :

Latent heat

\(\Delta H\) :

Sum of latent heat

k l :

Thermal conductivity of the liquid phase

k s :

Thermal conductivity of the solid phase

L :

Latent heat of freezing of the material

l :

Specific length

n :

Normal vector at the interface

T :

Temperature

T s :

Temperature of solid

T l :

Temperature of liquid

Ra:

Rayleigh number

S :

Momentum source term

T :

Temperature

\(\overline{v }\) :

Fluid normal velocity

ρ :

Density

β :

Volumetric expansion coefficient

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  1. Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    A. Mohammadian Soodmand, B. Azimi, S. Nejatbakhsh, H. Pourpasha, M. Ebrahimi Farshchi, H. Aghdasinia & S. Zeinali Heris

  2. Xi’an University of Science and Technology, No. 58, Middle Section of Yanta Road, Xi’an, 710054, Shaanxi, China

    S. Zeinali Heris

  3. Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey

    M. Mohammadpourfard

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Soodmand, A.M., Azimi, B., Nejatbakhsh, S. et al. A comprehensive review of computational fluid dynamics simulation studies in phase change materials: applications, materials, and geometries. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 10595–10644 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12438-0

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