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Thermal degradation kinetics and solvent transport behavior of natural rubber composites filled with polyurethane rich shoe sole waste from footwear industry

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Abstract

Industrial waste disposal is one of the major environmental concerns faced by all nations today. The present work describes the thermal degradation kinetics of polyurethane rich shoe sole waste (PUW) filled natural rubber (NR) composites and their transport behavior in various solvents. NR composites with PUW were prepared by incorporating it in the range 0–10 phr (parts per hundred rubber). The thermal behavior of the NR-PUW composites was researched by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at 30–600 °C. Kinetics of thermal degradation was studied by plotting thermogravimetric curve at four distinct heating rates, viz., 7.5, 10, 15, 20 °C min−1. The energy of activation (Ea) calculated using Flynn–Wall–Oszaka (FWO), Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), Tang and Starink models were found to be well correlated. The NR composite with 7.5 phr PUW showed higher Ea proving its better thermal stability compared to other composites. Multi-step degradation kinetics of the composites was evidenced by the variation in energy of activation as conversion increases. The solvent transport behavior of the composites was investigated in toluene, xylene, hexane, and petrol. Swelling was found to be maximum for toluene and solvent uptake decreases with further PUW loading. The diffusion parameters of the composites exhibited a decreasing trend as PUW increases.

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Acknowledgements

We thankfully acknowledge KSCSTE and DBT-STAR for the instrumentation facility at Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous) Devagiri, Kozhikode, affiliated to University of Calicut and J. J. Murphy Research Centre, Rubber Park India (P) Ltd., Valayanchirangara for thermal analysis and mixing, respectively. This reported work did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Kozhikode, Kerala, 673008, India

    P. Bashpa, Annie Stephy & Tania Francis

  2. Department of Chemistry, N. S. S. College, Ottapalam, Palakkad, Kerala, 679103, India

    P. Bashpa & K. Bijudas

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Bashpa, P., Stephy, A., Bijudas, K. et al. Thermal degradation kinetics and solvent transport behavior of natural rubber composites filled with polyurethane rich shoe sole waste from footwear industry. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 10871–10883 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12425-5

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