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Nanofluid as the working fluid of an ultrasonic-assisted double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger

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Abstract

In this paper, the simultaneous impacts of using nanofluid and ultrasonic vibrations in a double-pipe heat exchanger are experimentally investigated. The vibrating heat exchanger is designed so that the ultrasonic waves with the power of 60 watts and frequency of 40 kHz are applied to its body at equal length distances in a uniform and effective manner. Water-based Al2O3 nanofluid is used in this research. The available empirical correlation has been used to confirm the accuracy of the measurements and validate the results. The effective thermal parameters have been tested in three cases using water, nanofluids, and ultrasonic-excited nanofluids as the working flow of the double-pipe heat exchanger. These tests have been performed in a relatively wide range of flow rate (113–257 lh−1), Reynolds number (3230–7431), inlet hot fluid temperature (40–60 °C), and nanoparticle volume fraction (0.4–0.8%). The results indicate the positive effect of adding nanoparticles and applying ultrasonic vibrations, especially at higher inlet hot fluid temperatures and higher nanofluids concentrations. The nanoparticles are more effective at high-flow rates, whereas the ultrasonic vibration is highlighted at low-flow rates. Also, the effectiveness-NTU analysis carried out for the current heat exchanger shows that using nanofluid and ultrasonic-excited nanofluid instead of water can increase the efficiency of the thermal system up to 18.3% and 42.3%, respectively.

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Abbreviations

\(A\) :

Area (m2)

\(D\) :

Pipe’s diameter (m)

\(f\) :

Friction factor

\(h\) :

Convection coefficient (W m−2 K−1)

\(k\) :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

\(\dot{m}\) :

Mass flow rate (kg s−1)

\(M\) :

Molecular mass

\(N\) :

Avogadro number

\({\text{Nu}}\) :

Nusselt number

\(\Pr\) :

Prandtl number

\(\dot{q}\) :

Heat transfer rate (W)

Q :

Volumetric flow rate

\({\text{Re}}\) :

Reynolds number

\(U\) :

Overall heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)

\(\varepsilon \) :

Efficiency

θ :

Temperature (°C)

\(\mu\) :

Dynamic viscosity (Pa s)

\(\rho\) :

Density (kgm−3)

\({\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}}\) :

Boltzmann constant

\(\psi \) :

Volumetric percentage of nanoparticles

\({\Omega }_{\mathrm{p}}\) :

Isobaric heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1)

\({\Omega }_{\mathrm{r}}\) :

Capacity ratio

ave:

Average

\(c\) :

Cold

\(h\) :

Hot

\(i\) :

Inlet

\(o\) :

Outlet

nf:

Nanofluid

np:

Nanoparticle

wf:

Water fluid

CFF:

Cold fluid flow

CPVC:

Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

DPHX:

Double-pipe heat exchanger

HX:

Heat exchanger

HFF:

Hot fluid flow

HTE:

Heat transfer enhancement

HTR:

Heat transfer rate

LMTD:

Logarithmic mean temperature difference

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotube

NTU:

Number of transfer units

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O.BOX, 19395, 3697, Tehran, Iran

    M. Hedeshi & A. Jalali

  2. Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

    A. Arabkoohsar

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran

    A. Amiri Delouei

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  1. M. Hedeshi
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  2. A. Jalali
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  3. A. Arabkoohsar
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Contributions

MH helped in conceptualization, methodology, and validation, AJ worked in formal analysis and investigation, and AA helped in formal analysis and investigation. AAD contibuted to methodology, investigation, and writing—original draft. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to A. Amiri Delouei.

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Hedeshi, M., Jalali, A., Arabkoohsar, A. et al. Nanofluid as the working fluid of an ultrasonic-assisted double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 8579–8591 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12102-7

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