Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Techno-economic analysis of ground source heat pump powered by hybrid photovoltaic–wind–diesel systems in a temperate climate region

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As in many European countries, Turkey’s foreign energy dependency is quite high. Reducing foreign dependency on energy on a national basis is possible by developing efficient systems and increasing the use of renewable energy systems. This study is created with the idea of combining these two principles. Ground source heat pump systems are widely used for cooling and heating residences due to their higher energy efficiency than ordinary air conditioners. On the other hand, it is possible to support these systems with other renewable energy sources. However, the cost is the most crucial factor for the end user. In this study, a techno-economic analysis of the support of the ground source heat pump system with off-grid hybrid (photovoltaic–wind–diesel) systems, in which renewable energy is included, was carried out. The energy consumption values of the ground source heat pump were simulated annually with the help of the eQUEST program. They were determined as 1988.1 kWh and 1715.9 kWh for heating and cooling, respectively. Seven different power systems were created and optimized using the hybrid optimization model for electric renewable software to meet the electrical energy consumption values obtained. The study results show that the optimum power system to meet the electricity consumption of the designed ground source heat pump is a hybrid system consisting of a 6.9 kW of PV, 4.5 kW of diesel generator, and 10 kWh of battery. In this configuration, the renewable fraction is 84%, and there is no unmet load. For the optimum power system, the levelized cost of electricity and levelized cost of heat values are 0.20 $ kWh−1 and 0.12 $ kWh−1, respectively. The results show that hybrid renewable energy-supported power generation systems are cost-effective for ground source heat pumps in remote areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ASHRAE:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers

C:

Cost

COP:

Coefficient of performance

CRF:

Capital recovery factor

f :

Is the expected inflation rate

GHE:

Ground heat exchanger

GSHP:

Ground source heat pump

i :

Nominal discount rate

LCOE:

Levelized cost of electricity

LCOH:

Levelized cost of hydrogen

NPC:

Net present cost

A :

Area, m2

As:

Surface temperature amplitude, °C

Cs:

Air sensible heat factor, W (L s−1)−1 K−1

d :

Soil depth, m

f :

Expected inflation rate

F :

Heat loss coefficient per unit length of perimeter, W m−1 K−1

F 0 :

Fuel curve intercept coefficient, (L hr−1) kW−1

F 1 :

Fuel curve slope, (L hr−1) kW−1

f PV :

PV derating factor, %

GT:

Solar radiation, W m−2

HF:

Heating (load) factor, W m−2

i :

Nominal discount rate

k :

Thermal conductivity, W m−1 K−1

p :

Perimeter or exposed edge of floor, m

P G :

Output of the generator, kW

P R :

Rated capacity, kW

Q :

Air volumetric flow rate, L s−1

q :

Load, W

R :

Resistance, m2K W−1

T :

Temperature, °C

T c :

PV cell temperature, °C

T f :

Average fluid temperature

T g :

Design ground surface temperature, °C

T in :

Below-grade space air temperature, °C

T M :

Average surface temperature, °C

U :

Construction U-factor, W m−2 K−1

V :

Wind speed, m s−1

w :

Width, m

Y PV :

Rated capacity of the PV array, kW

z :

Depth, m

Z :

Height, m

a:

Annual

anem:

Anemometer

avg:

Average

b:

Basement

bg:

Below grade

d:

Daily

de:

Depth

es:

Exposed surfaces

f:

Floor

g:

Ground

h:

Hourly

hub:

Hub

m:

Monthly

s:

Soil

STC:

Standard test conditions

t:

Trench

vi:

Ventilation/infiltration

wall:

Wall

α :

Thermal diffusivity, m2 s−1

αp :

Temperature coefficient, % °C−1

References

  1. Singh P, Srivastava R. Utilization of bio-inspired catalyst for CO2 reduction into green fuels: recent advancement and future perspectives. J CO2 Util. 2021;53:101748.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. International Energy Agency (IEA). Turkey 2021 - Energy Policy Review [Internet]. 2021. Available from: www.iea.org/t&c/.

  3. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye. Türkiye’s International Energy Strategy [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Jan 25]. Available from: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye_nin-enerji-stratejisi.tr.mfa.

  4. Eurostat. Energy imports dependency [Internet]. Statistics. 2023 [cited 2023 Jan 25]. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/NRG_IND_ID__custom_1851622/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=72cae929-3952-46b9-b363-f2a978a1fd64.

  5. International Energy Agency. Europe needs to take immediate action to avoid risk of natural gas shortage next year - News [Internet]. IEA. 2022 [cited 2023 Jan 25]. Available from: https://www.iea.org/news/europe-needs-to-take-immediate-action-to-avoid-risk-of-natural-gas-shortage-next-year.

  6. Smith M, Bevacqua A, Tembe S, Lal P. Life cycle analysis (LCA) of residential ground source heat pump systems: a comparative analysis of energy efficiency in New Jersey. SustainEnergy Technol Assess. 2021;47:101364.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Aresti L, Christodoulides P, Florides G. A review of the design aspects of ground heat exchangers. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2018;92:757–73.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Wang G, Wang W, Luo J, Zhang Y. Assessment of three types of shallow geothermal resources and ground-source heat-pump applications in provincial capitals in the Yangtze River Basin, China. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2019;111:392–421.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Singh RM, Sani AK, Amis T. An overview of ground-source heat pump technology. Managing global warming: an interface of technology and human issues. Academic Press; 2019; 455–85.

  10. Zhou K, Mao J, Li Y, Zhang H. Performance assessment and techno-economic optimization of ground source heat pump for residential heating and cooling: a case study of Nanjing, China. Sustain Energy Technol Assess. 2020;40:100782.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ma Z, Ren H, Lin W. A review of heating, ventilation and air conditioning technologies and innovations used in solar-powered net zero energy Solar Decathlon houses. J Clean Prod. 2019;240:118158.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kapıcıoğlu A, Esen H. Economic and environmental assessment of ground source heat pump system: the case of Turkey. Sustain Energy Technol Assess. 2022;53:102562.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vakiloroaya V, Samali B, Fakhar A, Pishghadam K. A review of different strategies for HVAC energy saving. Energy Convers Manag. 2014;77:738–54.

    Google Scholar 

  14. van der Zwaan B, Dalla LF. Integrated assessment projections for global geothermal energy use. Geothermics. 2019;82:203–11.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Jordehi AR. Scheduling heat and power microgrids with storage systems, photovoltaic, wind, geothermal power units and solar heaters. J Energy Storage. 2021;41:102996.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bist N, Sircar A. Hybrid solar geothermal setup by optimal retrofitting. Case Stud Thermal Eng. 2021;28:101529.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Duarte WM, Paulino TF, Tavares SG, Maia AAT, Machado L. Feasibility of solar-geothermal hybrid source heat pump for producing domestic hot water in hot climates. Int J Refrig. 2021;124:184–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sen R, Bhattacharyya SC. Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: an application of HOMER. Renew Energy. 2014;62:388–98.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Han Z, Bai C, Ma X, Li B, Hu H. Study on the performance of solar-assisted transcritical CO2 heat pump system with phase change energy storage suitable for rural houses. Sol Energy. 2018;174:45–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. François B, Hingray B, Raynaud D, Borga M, Creutin JD. Increasing climate-related-energy penetration by integrating run-of-the river hydropower to wind/solar mix. Renew Energy. 2016;87:686–96.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Razavi SH, Ahmadi R, Zahedi A. Modeling, simulation and dynamic control of solar assisted ground source heat pump to provide heating load and DHW. Appl Therm Eng. 2018;129:127–44.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dikici A, Akbulut A. Performance characteristics and energy–exergy analysis of solar-assisted heat pump system. Build Environ. 2008;43:1961–72.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Nouri G, Noorollahi Y, Yousefi H. Solar assisted ground source heat pump systems: a review. Appl Therm Eng. 2019;163:114351.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ozgener O. Use of solar assisted geothermal heat pump and small wind turbine systems for heating agricultural and residential buildings. Energy. 2010;35:262–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kalinci Y, Hepbasli A, Dincer I. Techno-economic analysis of a stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system with hydrogen production and storage options. Int J Hydrogen Energy. 2015;40:7652–64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zahedi AR, Labbafi S, Ghaffarinezhad A, Habibi K. Design, construction and performance of a quintuple renewable hybrid system of wind/geothermal/biomass/solar/hydro plus fuel cell. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2021;46:6206–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Guerello A, Page S, Holburn G, Balzarova M. Energy for off-grid homes: reducing costs through joint hybrid system and energy efficiency optimization. Energy Build. 2020;207:109478.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kamel S, Dahl C. The economics of hybrid power systems for sustainable desert agriculture in Egypt. Energy. 2005;30:1271–81.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Rashid S, Rana S, Shezan SKA, Karim AB, Anower S. Optimized design of a hybrid PV-wind-diesel energy system for sustainable development at coastal areas in Bangladesh. Environ Prog Sustain Energy. 2017;36:297–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12496.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Chen Y, Guo M, Liu Y, Wang D, Zhuang Z, Quan M. Energy, exergy, and economic analysis of a centralized solar and biogas hybrid heating system for rural areas. Energy Convers Manag. 2023;276:116591.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Li J, Liu P, Li Z. Optimal design of a hybrid renewable energy system with grid connection and comparison of techno-economic performances with an off-grid system: a case study of West China. Comput Chem Eng. 2022;159:107657.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. World Health Organizaiton. Housing, Energy and Thermal Comfort. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Denmark: WHO; 2007.

  33. Ayodele TR, Ogunjuyigbe ASO. Prediction of monthly average global solar radiation based on statistical distribution of clearness index. Energy. 2015;90:1733–42.

    Google Scholar 

  34. HOMER. HOMER Help Manuel [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Oct 19]. Available from: http://www.homerenergy.com/pdf/HOMERHelpManual.pdf.

  35. ASHRAE. 2021 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. SI edition. ASHRAE; 2021.

  36. Latta JK, Boileau GG. Heat losses from house basements, National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research. 1969.

  37. Barnaby CS, Spitler JD. Development of the residential load factor method for heating and cooling load calculations. ASHRAE Trans. 2005;111:291–307.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Chiasson AD. Geothermal heat pump and heat engine systems: theory and practice. Wiley; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kusuda T, Achenbach PR. Earth temperature and thermal diffusivity at selected stations in the United States. ASHRAE Trans. 1965;71:61–75.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Energietechnik VF. Thermal use of the underground: Ground source heat pump systems (VDI 4640-Part 2). 2001. p. 43.

  41. Hossam-Eldin A, El-Nashar AM, Ismaiel A. Investigation into economical desalination using optimized hybrid renewable energy system. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst. 2012;43:1393–400.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Brandoni C, Bošnjaković B. HOMER analysis of the water and renewable energy nexus for water-stressed urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Clean Prod. 2017;155:105–18.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Halabi LM, Mekhilef S, Olatomiwa L, Hazelton J. Performance analysis of hybrid PV/diesel/battery system using HOMER: a case study Sabah, Malaysia. Energy Convers Manag. 2017;144:322–39.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hossain M, Mekhilef S, Olatomiwa L. Performance evaluation of a stand-alone PV-wind-diesel-battery hybrid system feasible for a large resort center in South China Sea, Malaysia. Sustain Cities Soc. 2017;28:358–66.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zhao Y, Shigang Z, Xun L. Cost-effective optimal design of groundwater source heat pumps. Appl Therm Eng. 2003;23:1595–603.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Özbek Mühendislik [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://www.ozbek.com.tr/.

  47. REHAU. İnşaat ve endüstri alanında polimer çözümler 2021.

  48. Cui Y, Zhu J, Twaha S, Chu J, Bai H, Huang K, et al. Techno-economic assessment of the horizontal geothermal heat pump systems: a comprehensive review. Energy Convers Manag. 2019;191:208–36.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Rahman MM, Khan MMUH, Ullah MA, Zhang X, Kumar A. A hybrid renewable energy system for a North American off-grid community. Energy. 2016;97:151–60.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Das BK, Hoque N, Mandal S, Pal TK, Raihan MA. A techno-economic feasibility of a stand-alone hybrid power generation for remote area application in Bangladesh. Energy. 2017;134:775–88.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Yilmaz S, Dincer F. Optimal design of hybrid PV-Diesel-Battery systems for isolated lands: a case study for Kilis, Turkey. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;77:344–52.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Salehin S, Ferdaous MT, Chowdhury RM, Shithi SS, Rofi MSRB, Mohammed MA. Assessment of renewable energy systems combining techno-economic optimization with energy scenario analysis. Energy. 2016.

  53. Amutha WM, Rajini V. Cost benefit and technical analysis of rural electrification alternatives in southern India using HOMER. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;62:236–46.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Fazelpour F, Soltani N, Rosen MA. Economic analysis of stand-alone hybrid energy systems for application in Tehran. Iran Int J Hydrog Energy. 2016;41:7732–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Das HS, Tan CW, Yatim AHM, Lau KY. Feasibility analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell energy system for an indigenous residence in East Malaysia. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;76:1332–47.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kusakana K. Techno-economic analysis of off-grid hydrokinetic-based hybrid energy systems for onshore/remote area in South Africa. Energy. 2014;68:947–57.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Nfah EM, Ngundam JM. Feasibility of pico-hydro and photovoltaic hybrid power systems for remote villages in Cameroon. Renew Energy. 2009;34:1445–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bekele G, Tadesse G. Feasibility study of small Hydro/PV/Wind hybrid system for off-grid rural electrification in Ethiopia. Appl Energy. 2012;97:5–15.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey

    Abdullah Kapıcıoğlu

  2. Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey

    Cihangir Kale

Authors
  1. Abdullah Kapıcıoğlu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cihangir Kale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

AK helped in conceptualization, methodology, data curation, validation, writing—original draft, and supervision. CK worked in conceptualization, data curation, validation, software, and writing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdullah Kapıcıoğlu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 398 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kapıcıoğlu, A., Kale, C. Techno-economic analysis of ground source heat pump powered by hybrid photovoltaic–wind–diesel systems in a temperate climate region. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 8443–8457 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12071-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12071-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation