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Hybrid nanofluid natural convection in the square enclosure with periodic magnetic field: experimental investigation and economic evaluation

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Abstract

Evaluation of the natural convection heat transfer in different systems is widely used to increase the performance of the energy applications systems. In this paper, the internal natural heat transfer of Fe3O4-water nanofluid, MWCNT-water nanofluid and Fe3O4/MWCN-water hybrid nanofluid at two concentrations of 0.1 and 0.3% under constant and periodic magnetic field is experimentally studied to evaluate the effects of different nanoparticles and magnetic fields on increase in the natural convectional of the system. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are used to consider the impact of ferrohydrodynamic. One of the vertical walls is under high temperature, the opposite is under low temperature, and the other sides are fully insulated. The different nanoparticle volume fractions, hot wall temperature and angle of the enclosure in the conditions of the various magnetic fields have been used to find the highest rate of natural convection. The magnetic field is considered in the direction of the buoyancy force. The cost of natural convection heat transfer, exergoeconomic and environmental parameters was studied. The results showed that the optimum angle of square enclosure in the various magnetic fields was about 30°. Also, CO2 mitigation of the cavity with a periodic magnetic field was improved by 25.5% higher than the cavity without a magnetic field. Also, the cost of natural convection heat transfer of the cavity using periodic and constant magnetic fields was about 0.155 and 0.169 $ kW-1, respectively.

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Abbreviations

\(E\,_{{{\text{in}}}}\) :

Embodied energy/kWh

\(E_{{{\text{ex}}}}\) :

Annual exergy/kWh year-1

\({E}_{\mathrm{en}}\) :

Annual energy/kWh year-1

H :

Height of hot surface/m

h :

Natural convection heat transfer coefficient/W m-2 K-1

i :

Interest rate/%

k :

Thermal conductivity/W m-1 K-1

Pr:

Prandtl number

q :

Heat transfer/W

n :

Life time/years

R :

Exergoeconomic/kWh $-1

S :

Salvage value/$

T :

Temperature/K

\(Z_{{{\text{co}}_{2} }}\) :

Enviroeconomic parameter/$

W :

Width of the hot surface/m

\(\beta\) :

Thermal expansion coefficient/K-1

\(\rho\) :

Density/kg m-3

\(\vartheta\) :

Kinematic viscosity/m2 s-1

\(\varphi_{{{\text{co}}_{2} }}\) :

Environmental parameter/ton \({\mathrm{CO}}_{2}\)

1, 2, 3:

Number of thermocouple

c :

Cold side

corr:

Corrected parameter

en:

Energy

ex:

Exergy

h :

Hot side

nf:

Nanofluid, nanofluid properties at mean temperature

nf,h:

Nanofluid properties at hot temperature

pr:

Product

AMC:

Annual maintenance price/$ year-1

CHT:

The cost of natural convection heat transfer/$ kW-1

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CRF:

Capital recovery factor

FAC:

First annual price/$ year-1

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscope

FHD:

Ferrohydrodynamic

Gr:

Grashof number

Nu:

Nusselt number

MHD:

Magnetohydrodynamic

MWCN:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Ra:

Rayleigh number

UAC:

Uniform annual cost/$ year-1

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Acknowledgements

Hadi Kargarsharifabad would like to express gratitude to Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, for their close cooperation regarding this research that was supported by the Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Research, Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, with Grant No. 17751-19/11/1395.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy and Sustainable Development Research Center, Semnan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Semnan, Iran

    Shahin Shoeibi

  2. Production and Recycling of Materials and Energy Research Center, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran

    Hadi Kargarsharifabad

  3. Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Mohsen Sharifpur & Josua P. Meyer

  4. Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

    Mohsen Sharifpur

  5. Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa

    Josua P. Meyer

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Contributions

SS contributed to conceptualization, formal analysis, visualization, and writing—review and editing. HK contributed to methodology, conceptualization, supervision, validation, project administration, formal analysis and writing—review and editing. MS contributed to methodology, conceptualization, formal analysis, visualization, and writing—review and editing. JPM contributed to conceptualization, formal analysis, visualization, and writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Hadi Kargarsharifabad or Mohsen Sharifpur.

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Shoeibi, S., Kargarsharifabad, H., Sharifpur, M. et al. Hybrid nanofluid natural convection in the square enclosure with periodic magnetic field: experimental investigation and economic evaluation. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 2527–2545 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11924-1

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