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Catalytic pyrolysis and kinetic study of glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin over CNTs, graphene and carbon black particles/ZSM-5 zeolite hybrid catalysts

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Abstract

The recovery of short fibre and epoxy resin from glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin composites (GFRP) poses a major challenge to the waste recycling sector. These challenges grow when GFRP is mixed with other additives such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene (GA), and carbon black particles (CB). However, the complexity in terms of activation energy (Ea) can be decreased through involvement of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst in the pyrolysis process to convert resin component into chemical and energy products. Within this context, this research aims to study the catalytic pyrolysis of GFRP mixed with three fillers with different structures and dimensions (nanofillers “CNTs, GA” and micro-filler “CB”) over zeolite catalyst, where these fillers can be used alongside zeolite particles as hybrid catalysts during the thermal conversion process. The GFRP mixed with different filler panels were prepared in the laboratory using a vacuum-assisted resin transfer method, then they were ground to fine particles and mixed with 200 mass% of ZSM-5 catalyst to prepare them for thermochemical experiments using thermogravimetry (TGA) at 5–30 °C min−1. The effect of various hybrids on the formulated pyrolysis vapours was studied using TG-FTIR and GC–Ms measurements. The kinetic Ea of each batch was studied using three linear isoconversional methods and two nonlinear isoconversional methods to investigate their effect on the decomposition mechanism. Besides, their thermochemical decomposition curves (TGA-DTG) were numerically simulated using DAEM and IPR models. The FTIR and GC analyses revealed that the hybrid catalyst had enhanced formation of aliphatic compounds and phenol compound in case of nanofillers up to 54% (CNTs) and 57% (GA), hence improving them by 17 and 54%, respectively. Meanwhile, the kinetic analysis showed that hybrid catalysts can contribute to a significant reduction in Ea up to 158 kJ mol−1 (CNTs), 127 kJ mol−1 (GA), and 124 kJ mol−1 (CB), which means that the decomposition of GFRP, becomes easier and requires less energy. Also, the simulated and experimental results showed big consistency in terms of smaller reaction complexity and higher generation of volatile compounds with increasing heating rates and addition of hybrid catalysts.

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Acknowledgements

This project has received funding from the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT), agreement No. S-MIP-20-27.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, 51424, Kaunas, Lithuania

    Samy Yousef

  2. Laboratory of Combustion Processes, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, 44403, Kaunas, Lithuania

    Justas Eimontas & Nerijus Striūgas

  3. Laboratory of Heat Equipment Research and Testing, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, 44403, Kaunas, Lithuania

    Marius Praspaliauskas

  4. Mechatronics Systems Engineering Department, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts-MSA, Giza, Egypt

    Mohammed Ali Abdelnaby

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  1. Samy Yousef
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Contributions

SY: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JE: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. NS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis. MP: Formal analysis. MAA: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Software, Writing-review & editing.

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Yousef, S., Eimontas, J., Striūgas, N. et al. Catalytic pyrolysis and kinetic study of glass fibre-reinforced epoxy resin over CNTs, graphene and carbon black particles/ZSM-5 zeolite hybrid catalysts. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 897–912 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11776-9

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