Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Numerical and experimental evaluation of thermal enhancement using zinc nano-suspensions in a square flow passage

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 23 January 2023

This article has been updated

Abstract

The heat transfer improvement using nanofluids inside varying shape heat exchangers is a still challenge to avoid from heat losses in chemical and petrochemical industries. In the stated study, the friction loss (f), pressure drop (∆P), average heat (have) transfer and average Nusselt (Nuave) numbers were evaluated numerically (ANSYS-FLUENT) and experimentally at varying 0.025 mass%, 0.05 mass%, 0.075 mass%, and 0.1 mass% concentrations of the low dimensional Zinc nanospheres-based nanofluids and base fluid (DW) in the square shaped heat exchanger. All the nanofluids and base fluid (DW) were assessed both experimentally and numerically for different thermophysical, hydrodynamic, and heat transfer characteristics. The addition of Zinc nanospheres in base fluid (DW) showed enhanced energy transportation at all mass% concentrations numerically and experimentally against Reynold numbers (Re) changing from 4550 to 20,367. Thermal conductivity, viscosity and density were measured at varying temperature ranges from 20 to 45 °C, where different changes were recorded in all properties against temperature values. Further, 2-D numerical model for single nanofluids was validated using laboratory scale distilled water (DW) as a base liquid. Further continuity, momentum, and energy equations were been evaluated by constructing a k−ɛ model and 2-dimensional domain. The maximum pressure drop (∆P/L) was recorded at 0.1 mass% which is 5152.72 m.Pas, while the friction loss (f) was 0.0188. Similarly, the average heat transfer (h) and Nusselt numbers (Nu) were calculated numerically and experimentally, where it has found the maximum heat transfer was 7095.25 Wm2 K−1 (61%) and the average Nusselt numbers (Nu) were 93.73 (57.3%) at the highest 0.1 mass%. Both numerical (ANSYS) and experimental results showed improved energy transportation at 0.1 mass% concentration against the highest Reynold number (Re) in comparison to base fluid (DW) and other mass%. The consequences confirmed the significance of the ANSYS model and experimental results with an average difference of ± 8.1%.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

Abbreviations

Z ns :

Zinc nanospheres

D h :

Pipe hydraulic diameter

N P :

Nanoparticles

BF:

Base fluid

DW:

Distill water

ff:

Friction factor/loss

Pr:

Prandtl numbers

L :

Medium total length (m)

Re:

Reynold numbers

L :

Medium total length (m)

W:

Walls of pipe

T:

Temperature (°C)

NF :

Nanofluids

Tw:

Pipe wall temperature

u:

Velocity

mass%:

Mass concentration

Dp:

Nanoparticle diameter (nm)

V:

Velocity (m s–1)

K:

Thermal conductivity

∆P:

Pressure drop

Cp:

Specific heat kJ kg −1 K–1

T b :

Temperature in bulk (K)

Nuave :

Average Nusselt (Nu) Numbers

Q″:

Total heat flux (W m–2)

Re:

Reynold numbers

ρ :

Density (kg m–3)

µ :

Fluid Viscosities in (N m s–1)

Φ:

Volumetric friction of fluids

V :

Kinematic viscosity (m2s–1)2

References

  1. Sadri R, et al. CFD modeling of turbulent convection heat transfer of nanofluids containing green functionalized graphene nanoplatelets flowing in a horizontal tube: comparison with experimental data. J Mol Liq. 2018;269:152–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahmed W, et al. Effect of ZnO-water based nanofluids from sonochemical synthesis method on heat transfer in a circular flow passage. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2020;114: 104591.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Trisaksri V, Wongwises S. Critical review of heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2007;11(3):512–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmed W, et al. Characteristics investigation on heat transfer growth of sonochemically synthesized ZnO-DW based nanofluids inside square heat exchanger. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2020;144:1517–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Akram N, et al. An experimental investigation on the performance of a flat-plate solar collector using eco-friendly treated graphene nanoplatelets–water nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019;138(1):609–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Akram N, et al. A comprehensive review on nanofluid operated solar flat plate collectors. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2020;139(2):1309–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Almatar AbdRabbuh O, et al. An experimental investigation of eco-friendly treated GNP heat transfer growth: circular and square conduit comparison. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2020;149:139–51.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mujtaba MA, et al. Comparative study of nanoparticles and alcoholic fuel additives-biodiesel-diesel blend for performance and emission improvements. Fuel. 2020;279: 118434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Mujtaba MA, et al. Ultrasound-assisted process optimization and tribological characteristics of biodiesel from palm-sesame oil via response surface methodology and extreme learning machine—Cuckoo search. Renew Energy. 2020;158:202–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Namburu PK, et al. Numerical study of turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids considering variable properties. Int J Therm Sci. 2009;48(2):290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Togun H, et al. Thermal performance of nanofluid in ducts with double forward-facing steps. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2015;47:28–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Abdelrazek AH, et al. A new approach to evaluate the impact of thermophysical properties of nanofluids on heat transfer and pressure drop. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2018;95:161–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Ozbolat V, Sahin B. Numerical investigations of heat transfer enhancement of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in a sinusoidal-wall channel. In: ASME 2013 international mechanical engineering congress and exposition. 2013

  14. Suresh S, Chandrasekar M, Chandra Sekhar S. Experimental studies on heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of CuO/water nanofluid under turbulent flow in a helically dimpled tube. Exp Therm Fluid Sci. 2011;35(3):542–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ahmed W, et al. One-pot sonochemical synthesis route for the synthesis of ZnO@TiO2/DW hybrid/composite nanofluid for enhancement of heat transfer in a square heat exchanger. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2020;143:1139–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Duraisamy N, et al. Facile sonochemical synthesis of nanostructured NiO with different particle sizes and its electrochemical properties for supercapacitor application. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2016;471:136–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Numan A, et al. Sonochemical synthesis of nanostructured nickel hydroxide as an electrode material for improved electrochemical energy storage application. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int. 2017;27(4):416–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Numan A, et al. Facile fabrication of cobalt oxide nanograin-decorated reduced graphene oxide composite as ultrasensitive platform for dopamine detection. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2017;238:1043–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Shahid MM, et al. Enhanced electrocatalytic performance of cobalt oxide nanocubes incorporating reduced graphene oxide as a modified platinum electrode for methanol oxidation. RSC Adv. 2014;4(107):62793–801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sharma KV, Sarma PK, Azmi WH, Mamat R, Kadirgama K. Correlations to predict friction and forced convection heat transfer coefficients of water based nanofluids for turbulent flow in a tube. Int J Microscale Nanoscale Therm Fluid Transp Phenom. 2012;3(4):1–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Xuan Y, Roetzel W. Conceptions for heat transfer correlation of nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2000;43(19):3701–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bergman TL, et al. Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. New York: Wiley; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Akilu S, Baheta AT, Minea AA, Sharma KV. Rheology and thermal conductivity of non-porous silica (SiO2) in viscous glycerol and ethylene glycol based nanofluids. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2017;88:245–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Petukhov BS. Heat transfer and friction in turbulent pipe flow with variable physical properties. Adv Heat Transf. 1970;6(503):i565.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Hanjalić K, Launder BE. A Reynolds stress model of turbulence and its application to thin shear flows. J Fluid Mech. 1972;52(4):609–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Fernández-Seara J, Uhía FJ, Sieres J, Campo A. A general review of the Wilson plot method and its modifications to determine convection coefficients in heat exchange devices. Appl Therm Eng. 2007;27(17–18):2745–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author would appreciate the grant R.K130000.7343, the international grant and Takasago Thermal System for all kinds of support. Also, I would like to acknowledge UTM OCEAN Thermal Energy Center (OTCE) and Takasago i-Kohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, for providing me opportunity to lead my research in positive direction. The author also would like to appreciate Dr. Hussein Togun and Balaji Bakthavatchalam for their help to improve the manuscript language.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Takasago I-Kohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Waqar Ahmed, Ali H. Abdelrazek & Nor Azwadi Che Sidik

  2. Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Waqar Ahmed

  3. New Era And Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, 64001, Iraq

    Omer A. Alawi

  4. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Zaher Mundher Yaseen

  5. Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Department, AL-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, 51001, Iraq

    Mayadah W. Falah

  6. Petroleum system control engineering department, College of Petroleum Processes Engineering, Tikrit University, Tikrit, Iraq

    Omar A. Hussein

  7. School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK

    Mahmoud Eltaweel

  8. Department of Oil and Gas Engineering, Basrah University for Oil and Gas, Basrah, Iraq

    Raad Z. Homod

Authors
  1. Waqar Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Omer A. Alawi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali H. Abdelrazek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zaher Mundher Yaseen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mayadah W. Falah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Omar A. Hussein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Mahmoud Eltaweel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Raad Z. Homod
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Nor Azwadi Che Sidik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Waqar Ahmed or Nor Azwadi Che Sidik.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author doesn’t have any conflict of research interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original online version of this article was revised: The third author’s affiliation was tagged incorrectly as 3 instead of 1. The affiliations 4 to 8 were mentioned incorrectly. The corrected affiliations were given below.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmed, W., Alawi, O.A., Abdelrazek, A.H. et al. Numerical and experimental evaluation of thermal enhancement using zinc nano-suspensions in a square flow passage. J Therm Anal Calorim 148, 551–570 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11734-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11734-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation