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Effects of thermophysical, hydrodynamics and thermal characteristics of well stable metallic nanofluids on energy transportation

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A Correction to this article was published on 10 January 2023

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Abstract

The current research focuses on the chemical synthesis of ZnO and preparation of ZnO dispersed in EG@DW mixture-based nanofluids for the investigation of enhancement in heat transfer of a square shaped heat exchanger. The steady and uniform dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles was achieved using high probe sonication at varying mass% concentrations like (0.1; 0.075; 0.05 and 0.025 mass%). Also, the ZnO particles were synthesized using sonochemical technique, where sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and zinc acetate (ZnC4H6O4) were used as raw materials. For the verification of ZnO synthesis numerous characterizations like UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, and FESEM analysis were carried out. The changed mass% concentrations of ZnO-EG@DW-based nanofluids were considered to check their effects on thermophysical properties, dispersion, stability, and heat transfer (Nusselt Numbers) at varying Reynolds numbers ranging from 4550 to 20,360 using square heat exchanger. A positive increase in thermal conductivity was observed by the addition of ZnO in the ZnO-EG@DW with (50:50) mixture. The highest thermal conductivity of 1.0 W m−1 K−1 was noticed at a maximum of 0.1 mass% concentration which is greater than base fluid (EG@DW) at 45 °C. The maximum pressure drop of 2400 Pa m−1 at Reynold number 20360 and higher friction loss of 0.045 for Reynolds number 4550 was noticed at 0.1 mass% concentration. The highest improvement in heat transfer was recorded at 0.1 mass% is 550–2830 W m−1 K which is 63% greater of the base fluid, while others mass% illustrate improved heat transfer coefficient of about 550–2170, 550–1750, and 550–1500 W m−2 K−1, respectively, at highest Reynolds (Re) when it compared with the base fluid (EG@DW). All the heat transfer related experiments were executed at 30 °C room temperature where constant heat flux of 10,886 W m−2 and eight varying flow rates were used.

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Abbreviations

EG:

Ethylene glycol

N P :

Nanoparticles

N f :

Nanofluids

DW:

Distilled water

C f :

Friction coefficient

Cu:

Copper

C p :

Specific heat

d p :

Nanoparticles diameter

Conc:

Concentration

K :

Thermal conductivity

R :

Ratio of materials

T :

Temperature

h :

Convective heat transfer coefficient

Nu:

Nusselt numbers

Q :

Heat flux

L :

Length of medium

W :

Wall

F:

Fluid

Bf :

Base fluid

T :

Turbulence

FF:

Friction factor

Ρ :

Density in kg m−3

µ :

Dynamic viscosity in N m s−1

Φ:

% Volume friction

V :

Kinematic viscosity m2 s−2

ɸ :

Volume friction

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Acknowledgements

The author would appreciate the grant R.K130000.7343, the international grant, and Takasago Thermal System and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for all kinds of support. Also, I would like to acknowledge UTM OCEAN Thermal Energy Center (OTCE) and Takasago i-Kohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, for providing me opportunity to lead my research in positive direction.

Funding

Construction Research Center, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Nor Azwadi Che Sidik.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Takasago I-Kohza, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Waqar Ahmed & Nor Azwadi Che Sidik

  2. Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Waqar Ahmed

  3. School of Integrated Science and Innovation (ISI), Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand

    Shahid Mehmood

  4. Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia

    Mir Waqas Alam

  5. Modeling Evolutionary Algorithms Simulation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

    H. Fayaz

  6. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology (FTKM), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMap) Kampus Alam UniMAP, Pauh Putra, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia

    Muhammad Iqbal Hussain

  7. Department of Thermofluids, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

    Omer A. Alawi

  8. Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Syed Muzamil Ahmed

  9. Department of Mechanical Engineering (Main Campus Lahore), University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, 54890, Lahore, Pakistan

    Syed Nadeem Abbas Shah

  10. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    S. N. Kazi

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  1. Waqar Ahmed
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  4. Mir Waqas Alam
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Correspondence to Waqar Ahmed, Nor Azwadi Che Sidik or S. N. Kazi.

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The original online version of this article was revised: The affiliations of eighth and tenth authors were incorrect in the author group. The corrected affiliations of eighth and tenth authors should read as 8 and 10 respectively have been corrected.

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Ahmed, W., Sidik, N.A.C., Mehmood, S. et al. Effects of thermophysical, hydrodynamics and thermal characteristics of well stable metallic nanofluids on energy transportation. J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 13879–13900 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11696-8

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