Abstract
The main theme of the work is to examine the influence of ultrasonication time on colloidal stability and thermal conductivity (TC) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-Therminol 55 based nanofluid. Three different volume percentages of nanofluid samples have been produced namely 0.09, 0.18, and 0.3 vol.% by adopting various ultrasonication times, varying from 30 to 120 min. The colloidal stability of the nanofluid samples has been examined over one month after formulation through carrying out zeta potential examination and visual inspection method. From the results it can be concluded that an increase in the sonication time up to 120 min results in the improved colloidal stability of nanofluid samples. Extending sonification time beyond 60 min weakened the nanofluid stability. The nanofluid TC of the samples has been measured experimentally over various temperatures ranging from 30 to 50 °C. It is noticed that rising the nanofluid temperature outcomes in decreasing the nanofluid TC, whereas it was incremented with rise in MWCNT concentration. Besides, the impacts of ultrasonication time on stability and TC have been examined, and it is noticed that rising the time of ultrasonication inducting a quiet augmentation in nanofluid TC. The highest TC was attained by employing 60 min time of ultrasonication.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- Al2O3 :
-
Aluminum oxide
- CS:
-
Colloidal stability
- GA:
-
Gum arabic
- GNP:
-
Graphene nanoplatelets
- IEP:
-
Isoelectric point
- MWCNT:
-
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- SS:
-
Stainless steel
- T55:
-
Therminol-55
- TC:
-
Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)
- ZP:
-
Zeta potential
References
Gupta M, Singh V, Kumar R, Said Z. A review on thermophysical properties of nanofluids and heat transfer applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;74:638–70.
Okonkwo EC, Wole-Osho I, Almanassra IW, Abdullatif YM, Al-Ansari T. An updated review of nanofluids in various heat transfer devices. J Thermal Anal Calorim. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09760-2.
Thakur AK, Prabakaran R, Elkadeem MR, Sharshir SW, Arıcı M, Wang C, Zhao W. A state of the art review on the thermal management systems for lithium -ion batteries of electric vehicles. J Energy Storage. 2020;32:101771.
Harish S, Orejon D, Takata Y, Kohno M. Thermal conductivity enhancement of lauric acid phase change nanocomposite with graphene nanoplatelets. Appl Therm Eng. 2015;80:205–11.
Poongavanam GK, Murugesan R, Ramalingam V. Thermal and electrical conductivity enhancement of solar glycol-water mixture containing MWCNTs. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct. 2019;26(12):871–9.
Poongavanam GK, Ramalingam V. Characteristics investigation on thermophysical properties of synthesized activated carbon nanoparticles dispersed in solar glycol. Int J Therm Sci. 2019;136:15–32.
Asadi A, Pourfattahd F, Szilágyi IM, Afrand M, Żyła G, Ahn HS, Wongwises S, Nguyen HMN, Arabkoohsar A, Mahian O. Effect of sonication characteristics on stability, thermophysical properties, and heat transfer of nanofluids: a comprehensive review. Ultrasonics Sonochem. 2019;58:104701.
Asif A, Nawfal I, Mahbubul IM, Kumbar SS. An overview on the effect of ultrasonication duration on different properties of nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019;135(1):393–418.
Kumar GP, Kumaresan V, Velraj R. Stability, viscosity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity enhancement of multi walled carbon nanotube nanofluid using gum Arabic. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct. 2017;25(4):230–40.
Sani E, Vallejo JP, Cabaleiro D, Lugo L. Functionalized graphene nano platelet nanofluids for solar thermal collectors. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells. 2018;185:205–9.
Prabakaran R, Kumar JPN, Lal DM, Selvam C, Harish S. Constrained melting of graphene-based phase change nanocomposites inside a sphere. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2020;139:941–52.
Prabakaran R, Sidney S, Lal DM, Selvam C, Harish S. Solidification of graphene-assisted phase change nanocomposites inside a sphere for cold storage applications. Energies. 2019;12(18):3473.
Yuanzhou Z, Shahsavar A, Afrand M. Sonication time efficacy on Fe3O4-liquid paraffin magnetic nanofluid thermal conductivity: an experimental evaluation. Ultrasonics Sonochem. 2020;64:105004.
Amin A, Asadi M, Siahmargoi M, Asadi T, Andarati MG. The effect of surfactant and sonication time on the stability and thermal conductivity of water-based nanofluid containing Mg (OH)2 nanoparticles: An experimental investigation. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2017;108:191–8.
Aida N, Shariaty-Niasar M, Rashidi A, Amrollahi A, Khodafarin R. Effect of dispersion method on thermal conductivity and stability of nanofluid. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci. 2011;35(4):717–23.
Mahbubul IM, Saidur R, Amalina MA, Niza ME. Influence of ultrasonication duration on rheological properties of nanofluid: an experimental study with alumina–water nanofluid. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2016;76:33–40.
Adio A, Mohsen S, Josua PM. Influence of ultrasonication energy on the dispersion consistency of Al2O3–glycerol nanofluid based on viscosity data, and model development for the required ultrasonication energy density. J Exp Nanosci. 2016;11(8):630–49.
Michael M, Zagabathuni A, Sikdar S, Pabi SK, Ghosh S. Effect of dispersion behavior on the heat transfer characteristics of alumina nanofluid: an experimental investigation and development of a new correlation function. Int Nano Lett. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-020-00306-w(Articleinpress).
Tajik B, Abbassi A, Saffar-Avval M, Najafabadi MA. Ultrasonic properties of suspensions of TiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles in water. Powder Technol. 2012;217:171–6.
Sonawane SS, Khedkar RS, Wasewar KL. Effect of sonication time on enhancement of effective thermal conductivity of nano TiO2–water, ethylene glycol, and paraffin oil nanofluids and models comparisons. J Exp Nanosci. 2015;10(4):310–22.
Buonomo B, Manca O, Marinelli L, Nardini S. Effect of temperature and sonication time on nanofluid thermal conductivity measurements by nano-flash method. Appl Therm Eng. 2015;91:181–90.
Ghadimi A, Ibrahim HM. The influence of surfactant and ultrasonic processing on improvement of stability, thermal conductivity and viscosity of titania nanofluid. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci. 2013;51:1–9.
Dagdevir T, Ozceyhan V. Optimization of process parameters in terms of stabilization and thermal conductivity on water based TiO2 nanofluid preparation by using Taguchi method and Grey relation analysis. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2021;120:105047.
Prabakaran R, Sidney S, Lal DM, Harish S, Kim SC. Experimental performance of a mobile air conditioning unit with small thermal energy storage for idle stop/start vehicles. J Thermal Anal Calorim 2022;147(8):5117–5132.
Kumar AT, Naimish SP, Zafar S, Hakan FO, Nidal AH. 4S consideration (synthesis, sonication, surfactant, stability) for the thermal conductivity of CeO2 with MWCNT and water based hybrid nanofluid: an experimental assessment. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2021;610:125918.
Sandhya M, Ramasamy D, Sudhakar K, Kadirgama K, Harun WSW. Ultrasonication an intensifying tool for preparation of stable nanofluids and study the time influence on distinct properties of graphene nanofluids—a systematic overview. Ultrasonics Sonochem. 2021;73:105479.
Turner P, Hodnett M, Dorey R, Carey JD. Controlled sonication as a route to in-situ graphene flake size control. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1–8.
Tiwari AK, Pandya NS, Said Z, Chhatbar SH, Al-Turki YA, Patel AR. 3S (Sonication, surfactant, stability) impact on the viscosity of hybrid nanofluid with different base fluids: an experimental study. J Mol Liq. 2021;329:115455.
Asadi A, Alarifi IM, Ali V, Nguyen HM. An experimental investigation on the effects of ultrasonication time on stability and thermal conductivity of MWCNT-water nanofluid: finding the optimum ultrasonication time. Ultrasonics Sonochem. 2019;58:104639.
Jóźwiak B, Greer HF, Dzido G, Kolanowska A, Jędrysiak R, Dziadosz J, Dzida M, Boncel S. Effect of ultrasonication time on microstructure, thermal conductivity, and viscosity of ionanofluids with originally ultra-long multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Ultrasonics Sonochem. 2021;77:105681.
Mahbubul IM, Elcioglu EB, Amalina MA, Saidur R. Stability, thermophysical properties and performance assessment of alumina–water nanofluid with emphasis on ultrasonication and storage period. Powder Technol. 2019;345:668–75.
Mahbubul IM, Elcioglu EB, Saidur R, Amalina MA. Optimization of ultrasonication period for better dispersion and stability of TiO2–water nanofluid. Ultrason Sonochem. 2017;37:360–7.
Ervina J, Ghaleb ZA, Hamdam S, Mariatti M. Colloidal stability of water-based carbon nanotube suspensions in electrophoretic deposition process: Effect of applied voltage and deposition time. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf. 2019;117:1–10.
Gómez S, Rendtorff NM, Aglietti EF, Sakkac Y, Suárez G. Surface modification of multiwall carbon nanotubes by sulfonitric treatment. Appl Surf Sci. 2016;379:264–9.
Selvam C, Harish S, Lal DM. Effective thermal conductivity and rheological characteristics of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids with single-walled carbon nanohorn inclusions. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct. 2017;25(2):86–93.
Kim SC, Prabakaran R, Sakthivadivel D, Thangapandian N, Bhatia A, Kumar PG. "Thermal transport properties of carbon-assisted phase change nanocomposite. Fullerenes Nanotubes Carbon Nanostruct. 2020;28(11):925–33.
Noroozi M, Radiman S, Zakaria A. Influence of sonication on the stability and thermal properties of Al2O3 nanofluids. J Nanomater 2014;612417:1–10.
Singh T, Almanassra IW, Olabi AG, Al-Ansari T, McKay G, Atieh MA. Performance investigation of multiwall carbon nanotubes based water/oil nanofluids for high pressure and high temperature solar thermal technologies for sustainable energy systems. Energy Convers Manag. 2020;225:113453.
Rashmi W, Ismail AF, Sopyan I, Jameel AT, Yusof F, Khalid M, Mubarak NM. Stability and thermal conductivity enhancement of carbon nanotube nanofluid using gum arabic. J Exp Nanosci. 2011;6(6):567–79.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization—P. Ganeshkumar, R. Prabakaran, and S.C. Kim; Methodology—P. Ganeshkumar, R. Prabakaran, and D. Sakthivadivelu; Formal analysis—P. Ganeshkumar, R. Prabakaran, D. Sakthivadivelu and S.C. Kim; Writing—original draft preparation—P. Ganeshkumar and R. Prabakaran; Writing—review and editing—P. Somasundaram, V.S. Vigneswaran, and S.C. Kim; Supervision, S.C. Kim.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declared no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, P.G., Prabakaran, R., Sakthivadivel, D. et al. Ultrasonication time optimization for multi-walled carbon nanotube based Therminol-55 nanofluid: an experimental investigation. J Therm Anal Calorim 147, 10329–10336 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11298-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-022-11298-4