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Evolution and novel accomplishments of solar pond, desalination and pond coupled to desalination systems: a review

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Abstract

Globally, energy is a dynamic element that makes people's major energy demands. There are a variety of energies; the one that is stupendous potential is solar. Solar energy is an efficient problem solving one to eliminate pollution from the environment and water scarcity. This review article provides the accomplishments in the progress of the solar pond, solar desalination and integration of both the systems in the recent years. The solar pool is one of the thermal energy storing systems which perform as a huge solar radiation collector to capture and store sun’s rays. The accumulated heat in the solar pool is weighed as the low category thermal energy. Hence, to enhance the performance upgrades are mandatory. Initially, use of unique salts and various additives is studied. And then, ingenious empirical works and several layers for minimizing the thermal losses from the upper and lower layers are exhibited. Heat removal techniques from the heat storage zone and mathematical model analysis are discussed. In addition, solar desalination unit is one of the possibilities for the effective production of sweet water from any form of polluted water (marine, brackish and contaminated water). Solar still is a trouble-free device utilized by condensation and evaporation processes to improve the limpidity of the water with the utilization of solar energy. This work made an attempt to classify various still designs with the greater volume of production. And also it analyzes the new innovations and thermal energy transfer process to reach at positive judgment. Desalination system performance is low for conventional approach, as desalination plant efficiency is relative to inlet water temperature, to upgrade it the solar pond coupled to desalination unit. With the exploitation of brine concentration and recovery system and multi-stage flash, fins and flat plate collector helps to elevate the beneficial solar pond and desalination output. This comprehensive review will guide the imminent researchers who desire to accelerate the performance of the pond and desalination units further.

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Abbreviations

1D:

One-dimensional.

2D:

Two-dimensional.

3D:

Three-dimensional.

A:

Area of the pond (m−2).

AC:

Air-conditioning.

AD:

Adsorption desalination.

Aevp :

Evaporation pond surface area (m−2).

Ag :

Glass cover surface area (m−2).

AGMD:

Air gap membrane distillation.

AHT:

Absorption heat transformer.

Ap :

Surface area of the heat energy storage material (m−2).

Aw :

Surface area of salt water (m−2).

APP:

Axial piston pumps.

ARC:

Absorption refrigeration cycle.

BCRS:

Brine concentration recovery systems.

BHE:

Bottom heat exchanger.

BPNN:

Back-propagation neural network.

C.E.T:

Cylindrical electroconductivity temperature.

CCTSS:

Concentric circular tubular solar still.

CDP:

Combined desalination and electricity production.

CFC:

Chloro fluro carbons.

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics.

CGOR:

Cogeneration gained output ratio.

CGOROD:

Cogeneration gained output ratio optimal design.

COP:

Co-efficient of performance.

CPC:

Compound parabolic concentrator.

CPCCCTSS:

Compound parabolic concentrator concentric circular tubular solar still.

Cpf :

Specific heat of air (J kg−1 °C−1).

CSP:

Cannalite solar pond.

CSPS:

Cylindrical solar pond scheme.

CVFEM:

Control volume finite element method.

DAQ:

Data acquisition system.

DB14:

Disperse blue 14.

DCMD:

Direct contact membrane distillation.

DR1:

Disperse red 1.

DWOD:

Distilled water optimal design.

EA:

Evolutionary algorithm.

ECGOR:

Exergy-based gained output ratio.

ECGOROD:

Exergy-based gained output ratio optimal design.

Econ-D :

Total heat energy used to produce sweet water at daytime.

Een :

Total heat energy entered the system through the glass cover in form of solar radiation.

Efw :

Evaporation rate from fresh water.

Eloss :

Total heat energy losses to the surrounding in the form of reflection, conduction and radiation in daytime.

EP:

Evaporation pond.

Ep :

Total energy consumed by the pump.

Ef :

Total energy consumed by the fan.

Estored :

Total energy stored in the system.

ETC:

Evacuated tube collector.

ETSC:

Evacuated solar tube collector.

EWH:

Electric water heater.

FCSP:

Floating collector solar pond.

FDM:

Finite difference method.

FODTS:

Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing.

FPC:

Flat plate collectors.

FR:

Flow ratio.

FVM:

Finite volume method.

GAC:

Granular activated carbon.

GSP:

Gel solar pond.

GT:

Cumulative total solar radiation on glass cover of still (kJ m−2 day−1).

h:

Heat transfer coefficient between air and glass (W m−2 °C−1).

hc :

Convective heat transfer co-efficient (W m−2 °C−1).

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid.

HDH:

Humidification–dehumidification.

HE:

Heat exchanger.

HEF:

Heat extraction fluid.

HEXG:

Heat exchanger in the gradient zone.

HEXL:

Heat exchanger in the lower convective zone.

hfg :

Latent heat of evaporation and condensation (kJ kg−1).

HP:

Heat pipe.

HPHE:

Heat pipe heat exchanger.

HSZ:

Heat storage zone.

hτ :

Radiative heat transfer co-efficient (W m−2 °C C−1).

I:

Total radiation in kJ m−1 day−1.

i,o:

Internal, external.

IOT:

Internet of Things.

Isol :

Incident solar radiation on the surface of the pool.

ISPBSS:

Inclined solar panel basin solar still.

ISWD:

Inclined solar water distillation.

Ix :

Solar radiation reached to a specific depth.

KC:

Kalina cycle.

L:

Latent heat of vaporization.

LCZ:

Lower convective zone.

LFR:

Linear Fresnel reflector.

LGMD:

Liquid gap membrane distillation.

LHE:

Lateral heat exchanger.

LHS:

Latent heat storage.

md :

Mass of distillate (kg).

MD:

Membrane distillation.

md:

Rate of desalinated water (kg h−1).

MED:

Multi-effect desalination.

MEHDH:

Multi-effect humidification–dehumidification.

MEMS:

Multi-effect multi-stage.

MES:

Multi-effect stack.

mf :

Air mass flow rate (kg s−1).

MOP:

Muriate of potash.

MSE/HR:

Multi-stage evaporation/ heat recovery.

MSF:

Multi-stage flash.

MSP:

Makkah solar pond.

MSS:

Main solar still.

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

NCZ:

Non-convective zone.

NEPCM:

Nano-enhanced phase change material.

NOP:

Potash nitrate.

NPCM:

Nanoparticle paraffin phase change material.

NTU:

Nephelometric turbidity unit.

ORC:

Organic Rankine cycle.

PCM:

Phase change material.

PISPB:

Passive inclined solar panel basin.

Pp :

Power of pumps.

PPSP:

Pilot area solar pond.

PTC:

Parabolic trough collector.

PTFE:

Poly tetra flluroethylene.

PTPGU:

Plate type power generation unit.

PV:

Photovoltaic.

PVDSCP:

Saline water desalination.

PVSCP:

Transparent PV cells.

qcg :

Condensation heat transfer between air and glass (W).

Qcond :

Rate of conduction heat transfer (W).

qcw :

Convection heat transfer between water and air (W).

qeg :

Convection heat transfer between air and glass (W).

qew :

Evaporative heat transfer between water and air (W).

Qgain :

Energy gain by solar radiation (W).

Qin :

Heat input to the system (W).

Qload :

Heat load extracted from storage zone (W).

Qloss :

Total heat losses from the storage zone (W).

qlp :

Thermal losses between the thermal energy storage layers (W).

qpd :

Heat loss during diurnal period (W).

Qs :

Rate of solar radiation absorbed in a layer (W).

Qsp :

Heat supplied from solar pond to modified still (kJ).

Qv :

Energy required to evaporate brackish water (kJ kg−1).

RO:

Reverse osmosis.

SAH:

Solar air heater.

SBSPSS:

Solo basin square pyramid solar still.

SCP:

Solar chimney power plant.

SD:

Solar desalination.

SDHDH:

Solar desalination humidification–dehumidification.

SDPS:

Solar desalination pond system.

SGMD:

Sweeping gas membrane distillation.

SGSP:

Salt gradient solar pond (or) pool.

SGSP-KC/RO:

Salt gradient solar pond Kalina cycle/reverse osmosis.

SGSP-ORC/RO:

Salt gradient solar pond Organic Rankine cycle/reverse osmosis.

SMN:

Stability margin number.

SP:

Solar pond (or) pool.

SPPP:

Solar pond power plant.

SR:

Surface roughness.

SSP:

Shallow solar pond.

SWRO:

Seawater reverse osmosis.

T:

Temperature (oC).

t:

Time (sec).

TAD:

Anaerobic digestion.

Tamb:

Ambient temperature (°C)

TDS:

Total dissolved solids.

TEC:

Thermoelectric cells.

TEG:

Thermoelectric generator.

TES:

Thermal energy storage.

Tf :

Airstream temperature (°C)

TFE:

Tetra fluro ethane

Ts :

Storage zone temperature (°C).

Tsky :

Sky temperature (°C).

UCZ:

Upper convective zone.

VMD:

Vacuum membrane distillation.

V-MEMD:

Vacuum-multi-effect membrane distillation.

w:

Humidity ratio (kg kg−1 dry air).

Wp :

Pump work (kJ).

x:

Depth of water (m)

(ατ)p :

Absorptivity and transmissivity of the heat storage layer.

(ατ)w :

Absorptivity and transmissivity of the salt water.

α evp :

Ratio of evaporation from evaporation pool to that of fresh water.

η thermal :

Thermal efficiency.

ρ w :

Density of fresh water (kg m−3).

τ:

Transmissivity of water surface.

ϕ p :

Still productivity in litre m−2 day−1.

θr :

Angle of refraction

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

    D. Sathish

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamilnadu, India

    S. Jegadheeswaran

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Sathish, D., Jegadheeswaran, S. Evolution and novel accomplishments of solar pond, desalination and pond coupled to desalination systems: a review. J Therm Anal Calorim 146, 1923–1969 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10579-8

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