Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of stearates on the thermal oxidation process of paraffin

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Thermal reaction process of paraffin/stearate mixtures was studied by thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG–DSC–FTIR) simultaneous experiments under argon and oxygen atmospheres, and the thermal reaction kinetics were estimated through the non-isothermal measurements and model-free isoconversional methods. The results show that all stearates except for magnesium stearate have a positive effect on the oxidation of paraffin at lower temperature, but only cobalt stearate plays a positive effect during the whole oxidation process; the oxidation of paraffin/cobalt stearate mixture could be divided into three stages, and cobalt stearate could decrease the oxidation reaction temperature of paraffin obviously concerning the first stage; however, the catalytic effects could not be improved markedly by adding more cobalt stearate; the increase in activation energy (Ea) with the increase of cobalt stearate may be attributed to the adsorption catalysis system of the oxidation process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Altman D. Overview and History of Hybrid Rocket Propulsion. Fundamentals of hybrid rocket combustion and propulsion. Progress Astronaut Aeronaut Am Inst Aeronaut Astronaut; 2007. p. 1–36.

  2. Arves J, Jones H, Kline K, Smith K, Slack T, Bales T et al. Development of a N2O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor. In 33rd Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Joint Propulsion Conferences: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 1997.

  3. Yuasa S, Yamamoto K, Hachiya H, Kitagawa K, Oowada Y, editors. Development of a small sounding hybrid rocket with a swirling-oxidizer-type engine. Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit; 2001.

  4. Zhao S, Cai G, Tian H, Yu N, Zeng P. Experimental Tests of Throttleable H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>/PE Hybrid Rocket Motors. 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 2015.

  5. Chiaverini MJ, Serin N, Johnson DK, Lu Y-C, Kuo KK, Risha GA. Regression rate behavior of hybrid rocket solid fuels. J Propul Power. 2000;16(1):125–32. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.5541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Karabeyoglu MA, Altman D, Cantwell BJ. Combustion of liquefying hybrid propellants: part 1, general theory. J Propul Power. 2002;18(3):610–20. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.5975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Karabeyoglu MA, Cantwell BJ. Combustion of liquefying hybrid propellants: part 2, stability of liquid films. J Propul Power. 2002;18(3):621–30. https://doi.org/10.2514/2.5976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Karabeyoglu A, Zilliac G, Cantwell BJ, Dezilwa S, Castellucci P. Scale-up tests of high regression rate paraffin-based hybrid rocket fuels. J Propul Power. 2012;20(6):1037–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chiaverini M, Harting G, Lu Y-C, Kuo K, Serin N, Johnson D. Fuel decomposition and boundary-layer combustion processes of hybrid rocket motors. In: 31st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Joint Propulsion Conferences: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 1995.

  10. Coronetti A, Sirignano WA. Numerical analysis of hybrid rocket combustion. J Propul Power. 2013;29(2):371–84. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.B34760.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Arena Z, Athougies A, Rodulfo A, DeTurris D. Swirl Injection Hybrid Rocket Motor Design and Testing. 47th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE joint propulsion conference & exhibit. In: Joint Propulsion Conferences: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 2011.

  12. Li X, Tian H, Yu N, Cai G. Experimental investigation of combustion in axial-injection end-burning hybrid rocket motor. J Propul Power. 2015;31(3):930–6. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.B35480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hitt MA, Frederick RA. Testing and modeling of a porous polyethylene axial-injection, end-burning hybrid rocket motor. In: 51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference. AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 2015.

  14. Hu S, Wu G, Hua Y, Rashid NF, Hu H. Study on thermal degradation characteristics and regression rate measurement of paraffin-based fuel. Energies. 2015;8(9):10058–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. He S, Li J, Wang B, Dai X, Sun C, Bai Z, et al. Metals modification of the paraffin dehydrogenation catalyst regenerated by coke combustion. Appl Catal A. 2016;513:82–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Pal Y, Kumar VR. Thermal decomposition study of paraffin based hybrid rocket fuel containing Aluminum and Boron additives. Thermochim Acta. 2017;655:63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2017.06.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gönen M, Balköse D, İnal F, Ülkü S. The effect of zinc stearate on thermal degradation of paraffin wax. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;94(3):737–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Flynn JH, Wall LA. General treatment of the thermogravimetry of polymers. J Res Natl Bureau Stand Phys Chem. 1966;70A(6).

  19. Ozawa T. A new method of analyzing thermogravimetric data. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 1965;38(11):1881–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kissinger HE. Reaction kinetics in differential thermal analysis. Anal Chem. 1957;29(11):1702–6. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60131a045.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Akahira T, Sunose T. Joint convention of four electrical institutes. Res Rep Chiba Inst Technol. 1971;16:22–31.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Starink MJ. A new method for the derivation of activation energies from experiments performed at constant heating rate. Thermochim Acta. 1996;288(288):97–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Liu L-l, Hu S-q, Liu P-j, He G-q, Wu G-f. Thermal oxidation reaction of paraffin with O2 and N2O under different pressures. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;131(2):1817–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6615-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51976175 and No. 51606157), Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No. 606150897031) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 3102017zy007).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermo-Structure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, People’s Republic of China

    Lin-lin Liu, Bo-biao Li, Bo Kang & Song-qi Hu

Authors
  1. Lin-lin Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bo-biao Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bo Kang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Song-qi Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lin-lin Liu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Liu, Ll., Li, Bb., Kang, B. et al. Effect of stearates on the thermal oxidation process of paraffin. J Therm Anal Calorim 146, 2233–2240 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10577-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-021-10577-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation