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Influence of thermal stratification and thermal radiation on graphene oxide-Ag/H2O hybrid nanofluid

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Abstract

In this article, the behavior of MHD hybrid nanofluid passing through a stretching sheet is examined. The current consideration also flashes the thermal radiation effects on hybrid nanofluid. Hybrid nanofluid is the new class of nanofluids which is very famous nowadays. Graphene oxide and silver as nanoparticles and water as a host fluid are considered. We presume low magnetic Reynolds number, and the magnetic field is enforced in the vertical direction. Features of heat transfer are assessed first time by exploiting the graphene oxide-Ag/H2O hybrid nanofluid with thermal radiation. By utilizing suitable transformations, governing equations are incorporated for heat and flow. Corresponding ordinary differential equations are solved by the homotopic procedure. The disparity of unlike parameters on flow and heat is revealed graphically. Resistive force is incorporated mathematically. The nanoparticle volume fraction of graphene oxide enhances both the velocity and temperature of the fluid. It is noticed that the thermal stratification parameter decays the temperature field while the opposite trend is observed for the radiation parameter. The heat transfer rate is disclosed by 3D graphs. It is observed that the temperature profile diminishes for enhanced thermal stratification parameters. Also, the heat transfer rate diminishes for radiation number and stratification parameter.

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Abbreviations

k*:

Mean absorption coefficient

k f :

Thermal conductivity of water

k nf :

Thermal conductivity of nanofluid

k hnf :

Thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluid

\(k_{{s_{1} }}\) :

Thermal conductivity of graphene oxide

\(k_{{s_{2} }}\) :

Thermal conductivity of silver

a, b, c :

Dimensionless constants

f′:

Dimensionless velocity

T :

Fluid temperature

T 0 :

Refference temperature

\(T_{\infty }\) :

Ambient temperature

T w :

Surface temperature

U w (x):

Stretching velocity

U e (x):

Free stream velocity

B 0 :

Magnetic field

M:

Hartmann number

Pr:

Prandtl number

S 1 :

Stratification parameter

R :

Radiation number

C f :

Local skin friction coefficient

Rex :

Local Reynold's number

Nu:

Nusselt number

q w :

Heat flux

q r :

Radiative heat flux

\(\rho_{\text{hnf}}\) :

Density of hybrid nanofluid

\(\rho_{\text{f}}\) :

Density of water

\(\rho_{{{\text{s}}_{1} }}\) :

Density of GO

\(\rho_{{{\text{s}}_{2} }}\) :

Density of Ag

\(\mu_{\text{f}}\) :

Dynamic viscosity of base fluid

\(\mu_{\text{hnf}}\) :

Dynamic viscosity of hybrid nanofluid

\(\sigma\) :

Stefan–Boltzmann constant

\(\sigma_{\text{nf}}^{*}\) :

Electrical conductivity of nanofluid

\(\sigma_{\text{hnf}}^{*}\) :

Electrical conductivity of hybrid nanofluid

\(\sigma_{{{\text{s}}_{1} }}^{*}\) :

Electrical conductivity of GO

\(\sigma_{{{\text{s}}_{2} }}^{*}\) :

Electrical conductivity of Ag

\(\alpha_{\text{hnf}}\) :

Thermal diffusivity of hybrid nanofluid

\(\upsilon_{\text{hnf}}\) :

Kinematic viscosity of hybrid nanofluid

\(\eta\) :

Similarity variable

Φ1 :

Nanoparticle volume fraction of GO

Φ2 :

Nanoparticle volume fraction of Ag

\((\rho C)_{\text{f}}\) :

Specific heat of water

\((\rho C)_{\text{hnf}}\) :

Specific heat of hybrid nanofluid

\((\rho C)_{{{\text{s}}_{1} }}\) :

Specific heat of GO

\((\rho C)_{{{\text{s}}_{2} }}\) :

Specific heat of Ag

\(\theta\) :

Dimensionless temperature

\(\tau_{\text{w}}\) :

Wall shear stress

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mathematics, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan

    S. Masood

  2. Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, University of Haripur, Haripur, KPK, Pakistan

    M. Farooq

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Masood, S., Farooq, M. Influence of thermal stratification and thermal radiation on graphene oxide-Ag/H2O hybrid nanofluid. J Therm Anal Calorim 143, 1361–1370 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-10227-7

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