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Prediction and assessment of fly-up type of fireworks by thermokinetics model

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Abstract

In consumer fireworks, various functions of chemicals create an energetic reaction with a type of colored light, smoke, heat, and the sound to achieve the pyrotechnic effects. Fireworks mixtures may be highly sensitive to external disturbances such as ignition sources, temperature changes, shocks, friction, and static electricity. Approximately 95% of fireworks are imported from China by ocean shipment, taking 4 days to a week to Taiwan. The prediction and assessment for the nth-order reaction, and thermokinetic parameters from thermal safety model for fireworks and pyrotechnic compositions were investigated. This study showed which reaction intensity of the propellant as water was added. It can be seen from the results that water will affect the thermal hazard of propellant. Moreover, the novel findings indicated that the water increased the thermal hazard of the propellant and consequently increased the risk for launching a degradation. Based on the heat transfer theoretical models, the time to maximum rate and time to conversion limit were extrapolated for consideration and discussion.

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Abbreviations

A :

Pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius equation (s−1)

C a :

Concentration of reactant at time (t\M)

A(α):

Pre-exponential factor at conversion (s−1)

A′(α):

Amended pre-exponential factor by a product of A(α)and f(α) (s−1)

C p :

Specific heat capacity (J g−1 K−1)

CT:

Control temperature (°C)

E α :

Apparent activation energy at specific conversion (kJ mol−1)

E a :

Apparent activation energy (kJ mol−1)

ET:

Emergency temperature (°C)

f(α):

Kinetics function (dimensionless)

i :

Component number (dimensionless)

k i :

Reaction rate constant for ith stage (dimensionless)

n :

Unit outer normal on the boundary (dimensionless)

n1, n2 :

Reaction orders of a specific stage (dimensionless)

\( Q_{\text{i}}^{\infty } \) :

Reaction calorific effect (W)

q :

Rate of heat flow (W)

q e :

Environment (dimensionless)

R :

Gas constant (8.314 J K−1 mol−1)

r :

Reaction rate constant (mol L−1 s−1)

t :

Time (min)

T :

Temperature of sample (K)

TCL:

Time to conversion limit (day)

T 0 :

Apparent exothermic onset temperature (°C)

T f :

Final temperature (K)

T p :

Peak temperature (°C)

TMR:

Time to maximum rate (day, min)

TMRad :

Time to maximum rate under adiabatic conditions (day, min)

TMRiso :

Time to maximum rate under isothermal conditions (day, min)

U :

Heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)

W :

Heat generation rate (J s−1)

w :

System external (dimensionless)

x :

Unit outer normal on the boundary (dimensionless)

z :

Autocatalytic constant (dimensionless)

∆H d :

Heat of decomposition (J g−1)

α :

Conversion degree of a component (dimensionless)

β :

Heating rate (°C min−1)

λ :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

ρ :

Density (kg m−3)

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the professional advice received from the members of Process Safety and Disaster Prevention Laboratory (PS&DPL) in Taiwan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Doctoral Program, Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology (YunTech), 123, University Rd., Sec. 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan, ROC

    Chen-Rui Cao

  2. Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, YunTech, 123, University Rd., Sec. 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan, ROC

    Wei-Chun Chen

  3. Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, YunTech, 123, University Rd., Sec. 3, Douliou, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan, ROC

    Chi-Min Shu

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  1. Chen-Rui Cao
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Correspondence to Wei-Chun Chen or Chi-Min Shu.

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Cao, CR., Chen, WC. & Shu, CM. Prediction and assessment of fly-up type of fireworks by thermokinetics model. J Therm Anal Calorim 142, 927–936 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09840-3

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