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Surface tension of supercooled graphene oxide nanofluids measured with acoustic levitation

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Abstract

The surface tensions of graphene oxide nanofluids of five mass concentrations were measured by the oscillation droplet method in an acoustic levitator. The oscillation information of the suspension droplets was obtained by combining acoustic levitation with image recognition technology, and a shape correction coefficient a was introduced to modify the Rayleigh equation. Over the temperature ranging from − 7 to 10 °C, the surface tension of the graphene oxide nanofluids increases with increasing mass concentration and decreases with increasing temperature. Compared with the surface tension changes caused by an increase in the mass concentrations of nanofluids from 0.08 to 0.12% at − 7 °C, the surface tension slowly increases from 79.144 to 80.664 mN m−1 when the mass concentration increases from 0.02 to 0.08%. The change rate of the surface tension with temperature is linear in both supercooled and non-supercooled states. For nanofluids with a mass concentration of 0.02%, the values are − 0.185 and − 0.186, respectively, which are basically the same. However, with an increase in mass concentration, the surface tension increases abnormally in supercooled state. For nanofluids with mass concentrations of 0.05% and 0.08%, the curve of the surface tension has an inflection point at − 1.0 °C, while for mass concentrations of 0.10% and 0.12%, the inflection point is at 1.0 °C. All inflection points are distributed around the triple point temperature of water.

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Abbreviations

A :

Amplitude

a :

Correction coefficient

B :

The constant term of the Rayleigh equation

\(f_{\text{R}}\), f :

The natural oscillation frequency and oscillation frequency of the droplet, respectively (Hz)

l :

The oscillating mode of liquid suspension droplet

M :

The mass of the droplet (kg)

T, T C :

Absolute temperature and critical temperature, respectively (K)

x :

Time (s)

y, \(y_{0}\) :

The length of droplet’s long axis and the average length, respectively

\(\delta\), \(\overline{\delta }\) :

Surface tension and average surface tension (mN m−1)

\(\omega\) :

Angular velocity (rad s−1)

\(\varphi\) :

Initial phase (rad)

C:

Critical state

R:

Rayleigh equation

0:

Original state

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the technology innovation and application development special project of Chongqing, China (Grant Number: cstc2019jscx-msxmX0046).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China

    Yudong Liu, Bing Chen, Junkun Tan, Jing Fu, Baohui Wu, Yuanhao Hu & Zhihong Guo

  2. Chongqing University Key Laboratory of Low-Grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems of Ministry of Education, Chongqing, 400044, China

    Yudong Liu, Bing Chen, Junkun Tan, Jing Fu, Baohui Wu, Yuanhao Hu & Zhihong Guo

  3. Chongqing Institute of Graphene, Chongqing, 404100, China

    Dengshi Wang & Nan Jiang

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  1. Yudong Liu
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Liu, Y., Chen, B., Wang, D. et al. Surface tension of supercooled graphene oxide nanofluids measured with acoustic levitation. J Therm Anal Calorim 144, 1369–1379 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09659-y

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