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Experimental assessment of heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluid as a coolant in corrugated channels

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Abstract

Over the last few decades, tremendous consideration is drawn towards corrugation surfaces because of their advantages over the improvement in thermal performance for different engineering applications. An experimental investigation is carried out to compare the effects of combined corrugated walls and turbulent nanofluid flow on thermo-hydraulic performance in corrugated channels over Reynolds number ranges of 10,000–30,000 and constant heat flux of 1 × 104 W m−2. Three shapes, namely semicircle corrugated channel, trapezoidal corrugated channel (TCC), and straight channel, are fabricated and tested with 1% and 2% volume fraction of Al2O3–water nanofluids. Al2O3 nanoparticles suspended in water with two volume fractions (\(\phi\)) of 1.0% and 2.0% are successfully prepared and tested. The experimental findings demonstrate that employing corrugated channel (TCC) improves heat transfer levels by up to 63.59%, pressure drop by 1.37 times, and thermal performance by up to 2.22 times compared to straight channels. Furthermore, heat transfer increased as Al2O3’s volume fraction increases due to the thermal conductivity boost. The use of the tested channels and alumina nanofluid at a volume fraction of 2.0% caused an increase in the heat transfer ratio of around 7.9–8.3% compared to the utilization of the same channels with base fluid. New empirical correlations of corrugated channels with alumina nanofluid are also developed and reported for heat transfer applications.

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Abbreviations

Al2O3 :

Aluminum oxide

A :

Area (mm2)

Cp:

Specific heat (J kg−1 K−1)

ER:

Nusselt number enhancement ratio

D h :

Hydraulic diameter (mm)

d p :

Size of nanoparticle (nm)

f :

Friction factor

HTC:

Heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)

κ:

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

\(\dot{m}\) :

Flow rate (kg s−1)

Nu:

Nusselt number, \({\raise0.7ex\hbox{${hD_{\text{h}} }$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{hD_{\text{h}} } \kappa }}\right.\kern-0pt} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$\kappa $}}\)

PR:

Pressure ratio (∆pcorr/∆pSC)

∆p :

Pressure drop (Pa)

Pr:

Prandtl number, Pr =  \(\frac{cp \mu }{k}\)

\(Q_{\text{f}}\) :

Heat transfer (W)

q :

Heat flux (W m−2)

Re:

Reynolds number, Re =  \(\frac{{\rho u_{\text{i}} D_{\text{h}} }}{\mu }\)

SS:

Shear stress (Pa)

T :

Temperature (K)

\(\mu\) :

Dynamic fluid viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)

Δ:

Difference

\(\rho\) :

Fluid density (kg m−3)

\(\varepsilon\) :

Turbulent dissipation rate (m2 s−3)

\(\tau\) :

Shear stress (Pa)

\(\sigma_{\text{k}}\) :

Prandtl number diffusion

\(\phi\) :

Volume fraction of nanoparticle

b:

Bulk

corr:

Corrugated channel

conv:

Convection

f:

Base fluid

in:

Inlet

av:

Average

out:

Outlet

nf:

Nanofluid

p:

Nanoparticles

w:

Wall

PEC:

Thermal–hydraulic performance

SC:

Corrugated channel

SSC:

Semicircle corrugated channel

TCC:

Trapezoidal corrugated channel

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Acknowledgements

This research was conducted at the Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nanofluid laboratory. The researchers would like to express their gratitude for providing this research with the experimental test facility. The researchers wish to thank Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia and the Higher Education Ministry for their financial assistance (FRGS 1589).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia

    Raheem K. Ajeel & W. S.-I. W. Salim

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

    Raheem K. Ajeel

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  1. Raheem K. Ajeel
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Correspondence to Raheem K. Ajeel.

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Ajeel, R.K., Salim, W.SI.W. Experimental assessment of heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluid as a coolant in corrugated channels. J Therm Anal Calorim 144, 1161–1173 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09656-1

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