Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the Fe76.5Nb3B20Cu0.5 glassy alloys. The nanocrystallization products and soft magnetic properties as a function of annealing temperatures were also studied by using X-ray diffractometer and vibrating sample magnetometer. The activation energies for Eg, Ex, and Ep are equal to 499 ± 3, 558 ± 7, and 693 ± 2 kJ mol−1 by Kissinger method, respectively, and 512 ± 3, 571 ± 9, and 715 ± 2 kJ mol−1 estimated by Ozawa method, respectively. The results indicate that the glass transition process is easier than the nucleation and grain growth process, while the grain growth process is much difficult than the nucleation process. The local Avrami exponent n(x) varies with the crystallized volume fraction x, indicating that the crystallization process has different crystallization mechanisms. The n(x) ranging from 1.0 to 1.2 for 0.05 < x < 0.2 represents the growth of particles of appreciable initial volume. The 0.5 < n(x) < 1.0 for x ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 stands for the growth of a large number of the pre-existing nuclei. Isothermal annealing experiment indicates that the initial nanocrystallization product is α-Fe phase, and the final nanocrystallization products are composed of α-Fe, Fe2B and Fe3B phases. With increasing annealing temperature, both the saturation magnetization Ms and coercivity Hc are enhanced. High temperature annealing is found to weaken their soft magnetic properties, which is ascribed to the precipitation of boride.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Duwez P, Lin SCH. Amorphous ferromagnetic phase in iron–carbon–phosphorus alloys. J Appl Phys. 1967;38:4096–7.
Suzuki K, Makino A, Inoue A, Masumoto T. Low core losses of nanocrystalline Fe–M–B (M = Zr, Hf, or Nb) alloys. J Appl Phys. 1993;74:3316–22.
Mizushima T, Makino A, Yoshida S, Inoue A. Compositional dependence of thermal stability and soft magnetic properties for Fe–Al–Ga–P–C–B glassy alloys. MRS Proc. 1998;554:1200–15.
Inoue A, Zhang T, Takeuchi A. Bulk amorphous alloys with high mechanical strength and good soft magnetic properties in Fe–TM–B (TM = IV–VIII group transition metal) system. Appl Phys Lett. 1997;71:464–6.
Liu DY, Sun WS, Zhang HF, Hu ZQ. Preparation, thermal stability and magnetic properties of Fe–Co–Ni–Zr–Mo–B bulk metallic glass. Intermetallics. 2004;12:1149–52.
Pang S, Zhang T, Asami K, Inoue A. New Fe–Cr–Mo–(Nb, Ta)–C–B glassy alloys with high glass-forming ability and good corrosion resistance. Mater Trans. 2005;42:376–9.
Pang SJ, Zhang T, Asami K, Inoue A. Synthesis of Fe–Cr–Mo–C–B–P bulk metallic glasses with high corrosion resistance. Acta Mater. 2002;50:489–97.
Inoue A, Shen B. Formation and soft magnetic properties of Fe–B–Si–Zr bulk glassy alloys with high saturation magnetization above 1.5 T. Mater Trans. 2002;43:2350–3.
Suzuki K, Makino A, Inoue A, Masumoto T. Soft magnetic properties of nanocrystalline bcc Fe–Zr–B and Fe–M–B–Cu (M = transition metal) alloys with high saturation magnetization. J Appl Phys. 1998;70:6232–7.
Herzer G, Vazquez M, Knobel M, Zhukov A. Round table discussion: present and future applications of nanocrystalline magnetic materials. J Magn Magn Mater. 2005;294:252–66.
Xue L, Liu H, Dou L, Yang W. Soft magnetic properties and microstructure of Fe84−xNb2B14Cux nanocrystalline alloys. Mater Des. 2014;56:227–31.
Jiao ZB, Li HX, Gao JE, Wu Y, Lu ZP. Effects of alloying elements on glass formation, mechanical and soft-magnetic properties of Fe-based metallic glasses. Intermetallics. 2011;19:1502–8.
Liu Q, Mo J, Liu H, Xue L, Hou L. Effects of Cu substitution for Nb on magnetic properties of Fe-based bulk metallic glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2016;443:108–11.
Zhuang YX, Duan TF, Shi HY. Calorimetric study of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of Zr60Cu20Al10Ni10 bulk metallic glass. J Alloys Compd. 2011;509:9019–25.
Wang X, Deng L, Xie J, Liang D. Non-isothermal kinetic parameters and models of crystallization for amorphous Fe–Co–Nb–Cu–B alloys. Phys B. 2013;410:251–8.
Blázquez JS, Conde CF, Conde A. Non-isothermal approach to isokinetic crystallization processes: application to the nanocrystallization of HITPERM alloys. Acta Mater. 2005;53:2305–11.
Hsiao A, Turgut Z, Willard MA, Selinger E, Laughlin DE. Crystallization and nanocrystallization kinetics of Fe-based amorphous alloys. MRS Proc. 1999;577:551–6.
Qiao JC, Pelletier JM. Crystallization kinetics in Cu46Zr45Al7Y2 bulk metallic glass by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). J Non-Cryst Solids. 2011;357:2590–4.
Mao X, Xu F, Tang J, Gao W, Li S. Effects of Co-doping on the crystallization and magnetic properties of Cu-free nanocrystalline Fe–Nb–B alloys. J Magn Magn Mater. 2005;288:106–10.
Makino A, Suzuki K, Inoue A, Masumoto T. Low core loss of a bcc Fe86Zr7B6Cu1 alloy with nanoscale grain size. Mater Trans JIM. 1991;32:551–6.
Peng K, Tang YH, Hu AP, Li DY, Liu YQ. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of Fe85Hf7B7Cu1 amorphous alloy. J Mater Sci Eng. 2008;26:39–41 (in Chinese).
Kissinger HE. Reaction kinetics in differential thermal analysis. Anal Chem. 1957;29:1702–4.
Ozawa T. Kinetic analysis of derivative curves in thermal analysis. J Therm Anal. 1970;2:301–5.
Wang HR, Gao YL, Hui XD, Chen Y, Min GH, Ye YF. Effect of cooling rate on crystallization of metallic Zr–Cu–Ni glass. J Alloys Compd. 2003;350:178–83.
Torrens-Serra J, Rodríguez-Viejo J, Clavaguera-Mora MT. Nanocrystallization kinetics and glass forming ability of the Fe65Nb10B25 metallic alloy. Phys Rev B. 2007;76:214111.
Yang K, Fan XH, Li B, Li YH, Wang X, Xu YY. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and isothermal crystallization kinetics in supercooled liquid region of Cu–Zr–Al–Y bulk metallic glass. Acta Metall Sin (Engl Lett). 2018;31:290–8.
Cai AH, An WK, Luo Y, Li TL, Li XS, Xiong X, Liu Y. Glass forming ability, non-isothermal crystallization kinetics, and mechanical property of Zr61.5Al10.7Cu13.65Ni14.15 metallic glass. J Alloys Compd. 2010;490:642–6.
Ribeiro RM, Biasi RSD, Santos DRD, Santos DSD. Nanocrystallization of Fe-based amorphous metallic alloys studied by non-isothermal and isothermal techniques. J Alloys Compd. 2009;483:495–8.
Flynn JH, Wall LA. A quick, direct method for the determination of activation energy from thermogravimetric data. J Polym Sci B. 1966;4:323–8.
Lu W, Yan B, Huang WH. Complex primary crystallization kinetics of amorphous Finemet alloy. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2005;351:3320–4.
Raval KG, Lad KN, Pratap A, Awasthi AM, Bhardwaj S. Crystallization kinetics of a multicomponent Fe-based amorphous alloy using modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Thermochim Acta. 2005;425:47–57.
Mchenry ME, Johnson F, Okumura H, Ohkubo T, Ramanan VRV, Laughlin DE. The kinetics of nanocrystallization and microstructural observations in Finemet, Nanoperm and Hitperm nanocomposite magnetic materials. Scr. Mater. 2003;48:881–7.
Santos DSD, Santos DRD. Crystallization kinetics of Fe–B–Si metallic glasses. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2002;304:56–63.
Wang Y, Xu K, Li Q. Comparative study of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics between Fe80P13C7 bulk metallic glass and melt-spun glassy ribbon. J. Alloys Compd. 2012;540:6–15.
Shaaban ER. Optical constants and fitted transmittance spectra of varies thickness of polycrystalline ZnSe thin films in terms of spectroscopic ellipsometry. J Alloys Compd. 2013;563:274–9.
Shaaban ER, Kaid MA, Ali MGS. X-ray analysis and optical properties of nickel oxide thin films. J Alloys Compd. 2014;613:324–9.
Zhu M, Yang F, Jian ZY, Yao LJ, Jin CQ, Nan RH, Chang FE. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and soft magnetic properties of the Fe67Nb5B28, metallic glasses. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;132:173–80.
Herzer G. Grain structure and magnetism of nanocrystalline ferromagnets. IEEE Trans Magn. 1989;25:3327–9.
He J, Guo HQ, Shen BG, He KY, Hu JF. Soft magnetic properties and giant magneto-impedance effect of Fe–Zr–Nb–B–Cu ribbons. J Phys Condens Matter. 1999;11:4251–9.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51301125, 51371133), the Key Laboratory Scientific Research Program of Education Department of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 17JS055), and Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Grant No. 2018JM5097).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cai, M., Yao, L., Zhu, M. et al. Kinetics of glass transition, crystallization and soft magnetic properties of the Fe76.5Nb3B20Cu0.5 glassy alloys. J Therm Anal Calorim 143, 2911–2918 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09393-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09393-5