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Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer growth on ZnO@TiO2/DW binary composites/hybrid nanofluids in a circular heat exchanger

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Abstract

The thermophysical properties of freely suspended ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles in a base fluid (DW) with different mass% concentrations of ZnO@TiO2/DW binary composite nanofluids (0.1, 0.075, 0.05 and 0.025 mass%) are deliberated. ZnO have been synthesized by using a facile single-pot sonochemical method and mixed with TiO2 under high probe sonication to prepare binary composite nanofluid. The experiment of effective thermal conductivity was executed in the temperature range of 20–45 °C. The positive improvement in thermal conductivity value for ZnO@TiO2/DW binary composite nanofluids was recorded for 0.1 mass%, and the highest improvement was measured up to 36%, greater than the base fluids (DW). The convective heat transfer properties of the ZnO@TiO2/DW binary composite nanofluids with different concentrations and base fluid (DW) were also examined by using complete experimental test rig with a circular heat exchanger based on a constant heat flux boundary conditions. All the concentrations were examined to check the local and average improvement in heat transfer with Reynolds range from 5849 to 24,544. The increase in nanoparticles mass% in base fluid causes to raise the heat transfer coefficient (h) which is due to the composite nanoparticles. Finally, the maximum 600–1950 W m−2 K−1 enhancement was found in convective heat transfer with an increase in 0.1 mass% of composite nanoparticles, which is 69% greater than base fluid, while all other concentrations also shows positive enhancement as compared to base fluid (600–1870, 600–1700 and 600–1500) W m−2 K−1 correspondingly.

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Abbreviations

Nu:

Nusselt numbers

D h :

Pipe diameter

C Pnf :

Heat capacity for nanofluid

P P :

Pumping power

Q :

Heat flux

f f :

Friction factor

mass%:

Particle mass concentration

k :

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

I :

Inlet condition

PN:

Prandtl numbers, Pr = cp·η/k

S gen :

Entropy ratio

B :

Bulk value

c p :

Specific heat (J kg−1 K−1)

Re:

Reynolds numbers, Re = ρ·v·D/η

FESEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscopy

R :

Ration of nanoparticles

DW:

Distilled water

A :

Area of pipe

L :

Total length of the test pipe

T out :

Outlet temperature

T in :

Inlet temperature

T s :

Pipe surface temperature

T b :

Fluid bulk temperature

V :

Velocity (m s−1)

TC:

Thermocouple

µ :

Dynamical viscosity (MPa s)

ρ :

Fluid density in (kg m−3)

ω :

Mass concentration (%)

η :

Efficiency

nf:

Nanofluid

bf:

Value of base fluid

Np:

Nanoparticle

Cnf:

Composite nanofluid

hnf:

Hybrid nanofluids

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the UMRG Grant RP045C-17AET, UM Research University Grant GPF050A-2018, Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering and the University of Malaya for the support to conduct this research work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Waqar Ahmed

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Waqar Ahmed, S. N. Kazi, Naveed Akram, M. A. Mujtaba, M. Gul & C. S. Oon

  3. Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Z. Z. Chowdhury & M. R. B. Johan

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  1. Waqar Ahmed
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Ahmed, W., Kazi, S.N., Chowdhury, Z.Z. et al. Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer growth on ZnO@TiO2/DW binary composites/hybrid nanofluids in a circular heat exchanger. J Therm Anal Calorim 143, 879–898 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-020-09363-x

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