Thermal and hydrodynamic analysis of non-Newtonian nanofluid in wavy microchannel

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry volume 143, pages811–825(2021)Cite this article

Abstract

In this study, hydrodynamic and heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluid behavior is investigated in a wavy microchannel with rectangular obstacles. Aluminum oxide as nanoparticles (Al2O3) with 0.5% and 1.5% volume fractions and three different diameters (25, 45 and 100 nm) are added to pure water as a base phase to form a nanofluid structure. In order to form the non-Newtonian nanofluid, 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) is added to the nanofluid structure. Up and down walls of microchannels at the middle section where obstacles are located have constant 50,000 W⁄m2 heat flux. Inlet temperature is constant and equal to 298 K with different Reynolds numbers varying as 5, 50, 150 and 300. Rib heights varying between 3 and 7 μm for five cases with different nanoparticle volume fractions, nanoparticle diameters and Reynolds numbers are investigated. Nusselt number, friction factor and pressure drop are studied. Results indicated that the average Nusselt number is increased by increasing the volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles. Also, the results show the largest friction factor value is obtained in the case with the highest obstacle height. It is observed that MC-3 case has maximum outlet temperature, and therefore is the best case among investigated cases.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

US$ 39.95

Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19

Abbreviations

\(A_{\text{c}}\) :

Cross section, \({\text{m}}^{2}\)

\(C_{\text{f}}\) :

Friction coefficient

\(C_{\text{p}}\) :

Heat capacity, \({\text{J}}\;{\text{Kg}}^{ - 1}\; {\text{K}}^{ - 1}\)

\(d_{\text{p}}\) :

Nanoparticle diameter, nm

H:

Microchannel height, m

K :

Thermal conductivity coefficient, \({\text{W}}\;{\text{m}}^{ - 1} \;{\text{K}}^{ - 1}\)

L :

Length, m

Nu:

Nusselt number

P :

Pressure, Pa

\(P_{\text{P}}\) :

Pumping power, W

Pr:

Prandtl number

\(q^{\prime \prime }\) :

Heat flux, \({\text{W}}\;{\text{m}}^{ - 2}\)

Re:

Reynolds number

T :

Temperature, K

U :

Dimensionless velocity

u :

Velocity, \({\text{m}}\;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

Δ:

Different

Φ :

Volume fraction

τ :

Shear stress, Pa

γ :

Shear rate, \(L\;{\text{s}}^{ - 1}\)

ρ :

Density, \({\text{kg}}\;{\text{m}}^{ - 3}\)

f:

Fluid

in:

Input

nf:

Nanofluid

p:

Particle

R:

Rib

w:

Wall

References

  1. 1.

    Hussien AA, Abdullah MZ, Al-Nimr MA. Single-phase heat transfer enhancement in micro/minichannels using nanofluids: theory and applications. Appl Eng. 2016;164:733–55.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Tuckerman DB, Pease R. High-performance heat sinking for VLSI. Electr Dev Lett IEEE. 1981;2:126–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Mirzaei M, Dehghan M. Investigation of flow and heat transfer of nanofluid in microchannel with variable property approach. Heat Mass Trans. 2013;49:1803–11.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Yang YT, Tang HW, Zeng BY, Wu CH. Numerical simulation and optimization of turbulent nanofluids in a three-dimensional rectangular rib-grooved channel. Int Commun Heat Mass Trans. 2015;66:71–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Zeinali Heris S, Gh Etemad S, Nasr Esfahany M. Numerical investigation of nanofluid laminar convective heat transfer through a circular tube. Numer Heat Transf A Appl. 2007;52(11):1043–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Niu J, Fu C, Tan W. Slip-flow and heat transfer of a non-newtonian nanofluid in a microtube. PLoS ONE. 2012;17:2–9.

    Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Jung JY, Oh HS, Kwak HY. Forced convective heat transfer of nanofluids in microchannels. Int J Heat Mass Trans. 2009;52:466–72.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Heshmatian S, Bahiraei M. Numerical investigation of entropy generation to predict irreversibilities in nanofluid flow within a microchannel: effects of Brownian diffusion, shear rate and viscosity gradient. Chem Eng Sci. 2017;172:52–65.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Bahiraei M, Jamshidmofid M, Amani M, Barzegarian R. Investigating exergy destruction and entropy generation for flow of a new nanofluid containing graphene–silver nanocomposite in a micro heat exchanger considering viscous dissipation. Powder Technol. 2018;336:298–310.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Hojjat M, Etemad SGh, Bagheri R, Thibault J. Rheological characteristics of non-Newtonian nanofluids: experimental investigation. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2011;38:144–8.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Minea AA. Uncertainties in modeling thermal conductivity of laminar forced convection heat transfer with water alumina nanofluids. Heat Mass Transf. 2014;68:78–84.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Akbari OA, Toghraie D, Karimipour A, Marzban A, Ahmadi GR. The effect of velocity and dimension of solid nanoparticles on heat transfer in non-Newtonian nanofluid. Physica E. 2017;86:68–75.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Gravndyan Q, Akbari OA, Toghraie D, Marzban A, Mashayekhi R, Karimi R, Pourfattah F. The effect of aspect ratios of rib on the heat transfer and laminar water/TiO2 nanofluid flow in a two-dimensional rectangular microchannel. J Mol Liq. 2017;236:254–65.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Bahiraei M, Heshmatian S, Keshavarzi M. Multi-attribute optimization of a novel micro liquid block working with green graphene nanofluid regarding preferences of decision maker. Appl Therm Eng. 2018;143:11–21.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Byrne MD, Hart RA, da Silva AK. Experimental thermal–hydraulic evaluation of CuO nanofluids in microchannels at various concentrations with and without suspension enhancers. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2012;55(9–10):2684–91.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Moraveji MK, Barzegarian R, Bahiraei M, Barzegarian M, Aloueyan A, Wongwises S. Numerical evaluation on thermal–hydraulic characteristics of dilute heat-dissipating nanofluids flow in microchannels. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2019;135(1):671–83.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Gunnasegaran P, Mohammed HA, Shuaib NH, Saidur R. The effect of geometrical parameters on heat transfer characteristics of microchannels heat sink with different shapes. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2010;37:1078–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Bahiraei Mehdi, Heshmatian Saeed. Thermal performance and second law characteristics of two new microchannel heat sinks operated with hybrid nanofluid containing graphene–silver nanoparticles. Energy Convers Manag. 2018;168:357–70.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Karimipour A, Alipour H, Akbari OA, Toghraie Semiromi D, Esfe MH. Studying the effect of indentation on flow parameters and slow heat transfer of water-silver nanofluid with varying volume fraction in a rectangular two-dimensional microchannel. Indian J Sci Technol. 2015;8(15):51707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Bahiraei M, Jamshidmofid M, Goodarzi M. Efficacy of a hybrid nanofluid in a new micro-channel heat sink equipped with both secondary channels and ribs. J Mol Liq. 2019;273:88–98.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Wang G, Niu D, Xie FQ, Wang Y, Zhao X, Ding G. Experimental and numerical investigation of a microchannel heat sink (MCHS) with micro-scale ribs and grooves for chip cooling. Appl Therm Eng. 2015;85:61–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Chai L, Wang L, Bai X. Thermohydraulic performance of microchannel heat sinks with triangular ribs on sidewalls – Part 1: local fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2018;127:1124–37.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Behnampour A, Akbari OA, Safaei MR, Ghavami M, Marzban A, Ahmadi Sheikh Shabani GH, Zarringhalam M, Mashayekhi R. Analysis of heat transfer and nanofluid fluid flow in microchannels with trapezoidal, rectangular and triangular shaped ribs. Physica E. 2017;91:15–31.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Prajapati YK. Influence of fin height on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of rectangular microchannel heat sink. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2019;137:1041–52.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Akbari OA, Toghraie D, Karimipour A. Impact of ribs on flow parameters and laminar heat transfer of water–aluminum oxide nanofluid with different nanoparticle volume fractions in a three-dimensional rectangular microchannel. Adv Mech Eng. 2015;7(11):1–11.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    Akbari OA, Karimipour A, Toghraie Semiromi D, Safaei MR, Alipour H, Goodarzi M, Dahari M. Investigation of Rib’s height effect on heat transfer and flow parameters of laminar water–Al2O3 nanofluid in a two dimensional ribmicrochannel. Appl Math Comput. 2016;290:135–53.

    Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Ghale ZY, Haghshenasfard M, Nasr Esfahany M. Investigation of nanofluids heat transfer in a ribbed microchannel heat sink using single-phase and multiphase CFD models. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2015;68:122–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. 28.

    Wang G, Qian N, Ding G. Heat transfer enhancement in microchannel heat sink with bidirectional rib. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2019;136:597–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. 29.

    Sakanova A, Keian ChCh, Zhao J. Performance improvements of microchannel heat sink using wavy channel and nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2015;89:59–74.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  30. 30.

    Parlak Z. Optimal design of wavy microchannel and comparison of heat transfer characteristics with zigzag and straight geometries. Heat Mass Transf. 2018;54:3317–28.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Rostami J, Abbassi A, Harting J. Heat transfer by nanofluids in wavy microchannels. Adv Powder Technol. 2018;29:925–33.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Dai Zh, Fletcher DF, Haynes BS. Impact of tortuous geometry on laminar flow heat transfer in microchannels. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2015;83:382–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    Ghule K, Soni MS. Numerical heat transfer analysis of wavy micro channels with different cross sections. Energy Procedia. 2017;109:471–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. 34.

    Lin L, Zhao J, Lu G, Xiao-Dong W, Wei-Mon Y. Heat transfer enhancement in microchannel heat sink by wavy channel with changing wavelength/amplitude. Int J Therm Sci. 2017;118:423–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. 35.

    Ghaedamini H, Lee PS, Teo CJ. Developing forced convection in converging diverging microchannels. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2013;65:491–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. 36.

    Izadi M, Behzadmehr A, Jalali-Vahida D. Numerical study of developing laminar forced convection of a nanofluid in an annulus. Int J Therm Sci. 2009;48:2119–29.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  37. 37.

    Li B, Zhang W, Zhu L, Lin Y, Bai B. Effects of nanoparticle migration on nonNewtonian nanofluids in a channel with multiple heating and cooling regions. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2017;107:836–45.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. 38.

    Santra AK, Sen S, Chakraborty N. Study of heat transfer due to laminar flow of copper–water nanofluid through two isothermally heated parallel plates. Int J Therm Sci. 2009;48:391–400.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  39. 39.

    Hojjat M, Gh Etemad S, Bagheri R, Thibault J. Convective heat transfer of nonNewtonian nanofluids through a uniformly heated circular tube. Int J Therm Sci. 2011;50:525–31.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  40. 40.

    Shojaeian M, Kosar A. Convective heat transfer and entropy generation analysis on Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flows between parallel-plates under slip boundary conditions. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2014;70:664–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. 41.

    Sajadifar SA, Karimipour A, Toghraie D. Fluid flow and heat transfer of nonNewtonian nanofluid in a microtube considering slip velocity and temperature jump boundary conditions. Eur J Mech B/Fluids. 2017;6:25–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. 42.

    Leng Ch, Wang XD, Wang TH. An improved design of double-layered microchannel heat sink with truncated top channels. Appl Therm Eng. 2015;79:54–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. 43.

    Liu H, Wang J. Numerical investigation on synthetical performances of fluid flow and heat transfer of semiattached rib-channels. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2011;54:575–83.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  44. 44.

    Xie G, Chen Z, Sunden B, Sunden B, Zhang W. Numerical analysis of flow and thermal performance of liquid-cooling microchannel heat sinks with bifurcation. Numer Heat Trans A Appl. 2013;64:902–19.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  45. 45.

    Hung TC, Yan WM. Optimization of a microchannel heat sink with varying channel heights and widths. Numer Heat Trans A Appl. 2012;62:722–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. 46.

    Xie G, Li S, Sunden B, Zhang W, Li H. A Numerical study of the thermal performance of microchannel heat sinks with multiple length bifurcation in laminar liquid flow. Numer Heat Trans A Appl. 2013;65:107–26.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. 47.

    Ho CJ, Chen WC. An experimental study on thermal performance of Al2O3/water nanofluid in a minichannel heat sink. Appl Therm Eng. 2013;50:516–22.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  48. 48.

    Akbari OA, Toghraie D, Karimipour A. Numerical simulation of heat transfer and turbulent flow of water nanofluids copper oxide in rectangular microchannel with semi attached rib. Adv Mech Eng. 2016;8(4):1–25.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  49. 49.

    Patankar SV. Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow. Washington, DC: Hemisphere; 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  50. 50.

    Shamsi MR, Akbari OA, Marzban A, Toghraie D, Mashayekhi R. Increasing heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluid in rectangular microchannel with triangular ribs. Physica E. 2017;93:167–78.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, POB 155, Gorgan, Iran

    N. Pahlevaninejad & M. Rahimi

  2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, POB 484, Babol, Iran

    M. Gorzin

Authors
  1. N. Pahlevaninejad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Rahimi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Gorzin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Rahimi.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pahlevaninejad, N., Rahimi, M. & Gorzin, M. Thermal and hydrodynamic analysis of non-Newtonian nanofluid in wavy microchannel. J Therm Anal Calorim 143, 811–825 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-09229-x

Download citation

Keywords

  • Nanofluid
  • Non-Newtonian
  • Microchannel
  • Rectangular Rib
  • Heat Transfer