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Mixed convection in a trapezoidal enclosure filled with two layers of nanofluid and porous media with a rotating circular cylinder and a sinusoidal bottom wall

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Abstract

The laminar two-dimensional mixed convection in a trapezoidal enclosure with a rotating inner circular cylinder and a sinusoidal bottom wall is studied numerically. The fluid inside the enclosure is a CuO–water nanofluid layer in the top space of it, while the bottom space includes a CuO–water nanofluid saturated with a porous medium. Both the right and left sidewalls are assumed adiabatic, while the bottom and the top walls of the enclosure are maintained, respectively, at the hot and cold temperatures. The dimensionless governing equations are expressed for velocity and temperature formulation and modeled by using COMSOL code based on the Galerkin finite element method. Parametric studies on the effects of various significant parameters such as Rayleigh number, Darcy number, the inner cylinder radius, the porous layer thickness, the angular rotational velocity, the solid volume fraction and the number of undulations on the flow and thermal fields together with the heat transfer rate have been performed. The highest value of the stream function for (Ra = 103 and Ra = 105) is seen at (R = 0.2 and S = 0.2). The same thing is observed, when the bottom wall is considered wavy. For (Ra = 103 and N = 0) and (0.5 ≤ S ≤ 0.8), it can be seen that as the inner cylinder radius increases from (R = 0.1) to (R = 0.3), the stream function values increase continuously. It is found that the average Nusselt number increases as the Rayleigh and Darcy numbers, the solid volume fraction, inner cylinder radius and the angular rotational velocity of the cylinder increase, while it decreases as the porous layer thickness and the number of undulations increase. Comparisons with previously published numerical works are performed, and good agreements between the results are observed.

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Abbreviations

\(c_{\text{p}}\) :

Heat capacitance (J kg−1 °C−1)

Da:

Darcy number

g :

Gravitational acceleration (m s−2)

\(k_{\text{f}}\) :

Thermal conductivity of the fluid (W m−1 °C−1)

L :

Height and width of the trapezoidal enclosure (m)

Nu:

Nusselt number

N :

Number of undulations

P :

Dimensionless pressure

p :

Pressure (N m−2)

Pr:

Prandtl number

R :

Dimensionless radius of the inner cylinder

r :

Radius of the inner cylinder (m)

Ra:

Rayleigh number

Re:

Reynolds number

Ri:

Richardson number

S :

Porous layer thickness (m)

T :

Temperature (°C)

U :

Dimensionless velocity component in x-direction

u :

Dimensional velocity component in x-direction (m s−1)

V :

Dimensionless velocity component in y-direction

v :

Dimensional velocity component in y-direction (m s−1)

w :

Width of the trapezoidal enclosure (m)

X :

Dimensionless coordinate in horizontal direction

x :

Cartesian coordinate in horizontal direction (m)

Y :

Dimensionless coordinate in vertical direction

y :

Cartesian coordinate in vertical direction (m)

α :

Thermal diffusivity (m2 s−1)

β :

Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient (K−1)

θ :

Dimensionless temperature distribution

φ :

Solid volume fraction

ε :

Porosity

\(\zeta\) :

Amplitude of the wavy wall

Ω :

Dimensionless angular rotational velocity

\(\omega\) :

Angular rotational velocity (rad s−1)

\(\nu\) :

Kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1)

ρ :

Density (kg m−3)

\(\mu\) :

Dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)

Ψ :

Dimensionless stream function

λ :

Permeability of the porous medium (m2)

ave:

Average

c:

Cold

eff:

Effective

fl:

Base fluid

h:

Hot

loc:

Local

Max:

Maximum

Min:

Minimum

na:

Nanofluid particle

o:

Center of enclosure

po:

Porous medium

so:

Solid particles

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Acknowledgements

The fourth author would like to acknowledge the research deanship of University of Ha’il, KSA for funding the project “191225”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Babylon, Babylon City, Hilla, Iraq

    Ahmed Kadhim Hussein, Hameed K. Hamzah & Farooq H. Ali

  2. College of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ha’il, Ha’il City, Saudi Arabia

    Lioua Kolsi

  3. Laboratoire de Métrologie et des Systèmes Énergétiques, École Nationale d’Ingénieurs, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia

    Lioua Kolsi

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  1. Ahmed Kadhim Hussein
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Correspondence to Lioua Kolsi.

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Hussein, A.K., Hamzah, H.K., Ali, F.H. et al. Mixed convection in a trapezoidal enclosure filled with two layers of nanofluid and porous media with a rotating circular cylinder and a sinusoidal bottom wall. J Therm Anal Calorim 141, 2061–2079 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-08963-6

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