Abstract
Bisphenol-A glycerolate diacrylate has been synthesized, characterized and formulated with acrylate monomers. Photocrosslinking characteristics of UV-curable acrylate monomers were investigated with the help of differential photocalorimeter equipped with UV radiometer using UV radiation of 365 nm at an intensity of 10 mWcm−2. The heat of photoreaction, curing rate and degree of conversion were studied using theoretical kinetic equations to investigate the effect of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate on photocuring behaviour of bisphenol-A glycerolate diacrylate, acrylic acid and methyl methacrylate. Curing rate reached its maximum value within 7.5 s, and more than 70% monomers were photopolymerized in all the formulations. Enthalpy of photopolymerization was found in the range of − 206 to − 171 J g−1, and maximum degree of conversion attained was 82–84% within a time span of 25 s. A comparison of DPC curves reveals that 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate has no significant effect on the curing rate of photopolymerization, however, a small decrease in degree of conversion was observed. Further, FTIR quantification of C=C bond conversion was performed in order to estimate the degree of conversion after 25 s. Specific gravity and mechanical properties of the casted films have also been reported. Glass transition temperatures were also recorded with the help of DSC, and a remarkable shift from 40.52 to 23.48 °C was observed imparting flexibility to the UV-cured compositions. The developed photocurable acrylic formulations have been used for preparation of laminated glasses which were analysed for fracture and adhesion test.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Soni RK, Teotia M, Dutt K. Studies on synthesis and characterization of a novel acrylic aromatic amide oligomer of aminolysed endproducts generated from PET waste with hydrazine monohydrate and its photocuring with acrylate monomers. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010;118(2):638–45.
Donovan BR, Cobb JS, Hoff EFT, Patton DL. Thiol ene adhesives from clove oil derivatives. RSC Adv. 2014;4(106):61927–35.
Teotia M, Tarannum N, Soni RK. Depolymerization of PET waste to potentially applicable aromatic amides: their characterization and DFT study. J Appl Polym Sci. 2017;134(31):45153.
Bauer F, Decker U, Naumov S, Riedel C. Photoinitiator-free UV curing and matting of acrylate-based nanocomposite coatings: part 3. Prog Org Coat. 2014;77(6):1085–94.
Teotia M, Soni RK. Improvement in impact properties of laminated glass panels through surface treatment and silane coupling agent. J Indian Chem Soc. 2016;93(6):639–48.
Teotia M, Soni RK. Fracture analysis of UV cured acrylic resin interlayer based laminated glasses. J Sci Ind Res. 2017;76:160–5.
Teotia M, Soni RK. Applications of finite element modelling in failure analysis of laminated glass composites: a review. Eng Fail Anal. 2018;94:412–37.
Leprince JG, Palin WM, Hadis MA, Devaux J, Leoup G. Progress in dimethacrylate-based dental composite technology and curing efficiency. Dent Mater. 2013;29(2):139–56.
Pacelli S, Paolicelli P, Dreesen I, Kobayashi S, Vitalone A, Casadei MA. Injectable and photocross-linkable gels based on gellan gum methacrylate: a new tool for biomedical application. Int J Biol Macromol. 2015;72:1335–42.
Ligon SC, Husar B, Wutzel H, Holman R, Liska R. Strategies to reduce oxygen inhibition in photoinduced polymerization. Chem Rev. 2014;114(1):557–89.
Irmouli Y, George B, Merlin A. Study of the polymerization of acrylic resins by photocalorimetry: interactions between UV initiators and absorbers. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009;96(3):911–6.
Ye G, Cui Y, Liu X, Zhou H. Kinetic investigation of photopolymerization initiated by oligomeric photolatent base. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2013;112(3):1499–506.
Voytekunas VY, Ng FL, Abadie MJ. Kinetics study of the UV-initiated cationic polymerization of cycloaliphatic diepoxide resins. Eur Polym J. 2008;44(11):3640–9.
de Oliveira DS, de Oliveira LS, Alarcon RT, da Cunha Holanda BB, Bannach G. Use of curcumin and glycerol as an effective photoinitiating system in the polymerization of urethane dimethacrylate. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017;128(3):1671–82.
Ruiz C, Machado L, Vanin J, Volponi J. Cure degree estimation of photocurable coatings by DSC and differential photocalorimetry. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2002;67(2):335–41.
Morancho JM, Fernandez-Francos X, Ramis X, Salla JM, Serra A. Photocuring and thermal post-curing of a cycloaliphatic epoxide resin with a trithiol and a vinyl epoxy compound. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;121(1):389–95.
Kim WS, Park KS, Nam JH, Shin D, Jang S, Chung TY. Fast cure kinetics of a UV-curable resin for UV nano-imprint lithography: phenomenological model determination based on differential photocalorimetry results. Thermochim Acta. 2010;498(1):117–23.
Masson F, Decker C, Jaworek T, Schwalm R. UV-Radiation curing of waterbased urethane–acrylate coatings. Prog Org Coat. 2000;39(2):115–26.
Uhl FM, Davuluri SP, Wong SC, Webster DC. Organically modified montmorillonites in UV curable urethane acrylate films. Polymer. 2004;45(18):6175–87.
Nebioglu A, Soucek MD. Reaction kinetics and microgel particle size characterization of ultraviolet-curing unsaturated polyester acrylates. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2006;44(22):6544–57.
Nebioglu A, Soucek MD. Microgel formation and thermo-mechanical properties of UV-curing unsaturated polyester acrylates. J Appl Polym Sci. 2008;107(4):2364–74.
Chattopadhyay DK, Panda SS, Raju KV. Thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy acrylate/methacrylates UV cured coatings. Prog Org Coat. 2005;54(1):10–9.
Oprea S, Vlad S, Stanciu A, Macoveanu M. Epoxy urethane acrylate. Eur Polym J. 2000;36(2):373–8.
Wicks ZW, Jones FN, Pappas SP. Org Coat Sci Tech. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley; 1999.
Laureau C, Vicente M, Barandiaran MJ, Leiza JR, Asua JM. Effect of the composition profile of 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate latex particles on adhesion. J Appl Polym Sci. 2001;81(5):1258–65.
Decker C, Moussa K. UV-curable acrylic resins for production of glass laminates. J Appl Polym Sci. 1995;55(2):359–69.
Brydson JA. Plastics materials. 7th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1999.
Esen DS, Arsu N, Da Silva JP, Jockusch S, Turro NJ. Benzoin type photoinitiator for free radical polymerization. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem. 2013;51(8):1865–71.
Gottlieb HE, Kotlyar V, Nudelman A. NMR Chemical shifts of common laboratory solvents as trace impurities. J Org Chem. 1997;62:7512–5.
Ning YC, Ernst RR. Structural identification of organic compounds with spectroscopic techniques. Weinhem: Willey; 2005.
Chekal Brian P. Understanding the roles of chemically-controlled and diffusion-limited processes in determining the severity of autoacceleration behavior in free radical polymerization. Diss. Northwestern; 2002.
Gowariker VR, Viswanathan NV, Sreedhar J. Polymer science. 2nd ed. New Delhi: New Age International; 2015.
Acknowledgements
The financial support given by Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, is gratefully appreciated. Authors would also like to acknowledge SAIF Centre, Cochin, and Punjab University for carrying out MS and NMR analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Teotia, M., Chauhan, M., Choudhary, P. et al. Photocured characteristics of fast photocurable acrylic formulations and investigations by differential photo calorimeter. J Therm Anal Calorim 137, 133–141 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7907-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7907-2