Advertisement

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry

, Volume 133, Issue 3, pp 1259–1269 | Cite as

Investigation of thermophysical properties of nanofluids containing poly(vinyl alcohol)-functionalized graphene

  • Mehdi Azizi
  • Bizhan Honarvar
Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:
  • 61 Downloads

Abstract

An experimental study was performed to evaluate the colloidal stability of water-based polyvinyl alcohol-functionalized few-layer graphene (water-based PVA–Gr) nanofluids and ethylene glycol-based polyvinyl alcohol-functionalized few-layer graphene (EG-based PVA–Gr) nanofluids. To this end, a liquid-phase exfoliation method was employed for mass production of graphene sheets (Gr). Then, a simple and novel method was introduced to do a direct functionalization of Gr with PVA. Surface functionality groups and morphology of PVA–Gr were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results consistently confirmed the formation of PVA functionalities on Gr, while the structure of GNP has remained relatively intact. Then, UV–Vis was employed to investigate the stability of PVA–Gr in water and EG. The easily miscible PVA functionalities formed a great colloidal stability for Gr sheets. As a second criterion for having a promising coolant, thermophysical properties were measured experimentally. The thermal conductivity, density and viscosity of the nanofluids at concentrations of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mass% were experimentally measured. As compared to the base fluid, the water-based PVA–Gr nanofluids show a significant enhancement at different conditions, like representing ~40% enhancement for 0.1 mass% at 40 °C. This simple and efficient procedure may play an important role for mass production of hydrophilic Gr, which be able to disperse in different solvents.

Keywords

Graphene Functionalization Heat transfer Thermophysical properties Nanofluid 

List of symbols

K

Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)

PVC

Polyvinyl alcohol

Gr

Few-layer graphene

EG

Ethylene glycol

Greek symbols

µ

Viscosity (Pa s)

ρ

Density (kg m−3)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Supplementary material

10973_2018_7210_MOESM1_ESM.docx (102 kb)
Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 83 kb)

References

  1. 1.
    Shazali SS, Amiri A, Zubir MNM, Rozali S, Zabri MZ, Sabri MFM, et al. Investigation of the thermophysical properties and stability performance of non-covalently functionalized graphene nanoplatelets with Pluronic P-123 in different solvents. Mater Chem Phys. 2018;206:94–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Soleymaniha M, Felts JR. Design of a heated micro-cantilever optimized for thermo-capillary driven printing of molten polymer nanostructures. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2016;101:166–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Amiri A, Ahmadi G, Shanbedi M, Savari M, Kazi SN, Chew BT. Microwave-assisted synthesis of highly-crumpled, few-layered graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene for use as high-performance electrodes in capacitive deionization. Sci Rep. 2015;5:17503.  https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Amiri A, Shanbedi M, Ahmadi G, Eshghi H, Kazi SN, Chew BT, et al. Mass production of highly-porous graphene for high-performance supercapacitors. Sci Rep. 2016;6:32686.  https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32686 https://www.nature.com/articles/srep32686#supplementary-information.
  5. 5.
    Amiri A, Shanbedi M, Rafieerad AR, Rashidi MM, Zaharinie T, Zubir MNM, et al. Functionalization and exfoliation of graphite into mono layer graphene for improved heat dissipation. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2017;71(50):480–93.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2016.12.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Shahsavani E, Afrand M, Kalbasi R. Experimental study on rheological behavior of water–ethylene glycol mixture in the presence of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6711-8.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Shanbedi M, Amiri A, Zeinali Heris S, Eshghi H, Yarmand H. Effect of magnetic field on thermo-physical and hydrodynamic properties of different metals-decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes-based water coolants in a closed conduit. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6628-2.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Tangtubtim S, Saikrasun S. Effect of functionalized CNTs and liquid crystalline polymer on thermo-oxidative stability of polyethylene-based hybrid composites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017;128(1):235–47.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5924-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Durkin DP, Gallagher MJ, Frank BP, Knowlton ED, Trulove PC, Fairbrother DH, et al. Phosphorus-functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes as flame-retardant additives for polystyrene and poly (methyl methacrylate). J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6432-z.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Heris SZ, Fallahi M, Shanbedi M, Amiri A. Heat transfer performance of two-phase closed thermosyphon with oxidized CNT/water nanofluids. Heat Mass Transf. 2016;52(1):85–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Xue H, Fan J, Hu Y, Hong R, Cen K. The interface effect of carbon nanotube suspension on the thermal performance of a two-phase closed thermosyphon. J Appl Phys. 2006;100(10):104909–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Mahian O, Kianifar A, Kalogirou SA, Pop I, Wongwises S. A review of the applications of nanofluids in solar energy. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2013;57(2):582–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Amiri A, Shanbedi M, Eshghi H, Heris SZ, Baniadam M. Highly dispersed multiwalled carbon nanotubes decorated with Ag nanoparticles in water and experimental investigation of the thermophysical properties. J Phys Chem C. 2012;116(5):3369–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Amiri A, Sadri R, Ahmadi G, Chew B, Kazi S, Shanbedi M, et al. Synthesis of polyethylene glycol-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes with a microwave-assisted approach for improved heat dissipation. RSC Adv. 2015;5(45):35425–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Amiri A, Shanbedi M, Ahmadi G, Eshghi H, Chew B, Kazi S. Microwave-assisted direct coupling of graphene nanoplatelets with poly ethylene glycol and 4-phenylazophenol molecules for preparing stable-colloidal system. Colloids Surf A. 2015;487:131–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Arzani HK, Amiri A, Kazi S, Badarudin A, Chew B. Heat transfer performance of water-based tetrahydrofurfuryl polyethylene glycol-treated graphene nanoplatelet nanofluids. RSC Adv. 2016;6(70):65654–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Prencipe G, Tabakman SM, Welsher K, Liu Z, Goodwin AP, Zhang L, et al. PEG branched polymer for functionalization of nanomaterials with ultralong blood circulation. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131(13):4783–7.  https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809086q.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Johnson DW, Dobson BP, Coleman KS. A manufacturing perspective on graphene dispersions. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci. 2015;20(5–6):367–82.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2015.11.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Amiri A, Kazi S, Shanbedi M, Zubir MNM, Yarmand H, Chew B. Transformer oil based multi-walled carbon nanotube–hexylamine coolant with optimized electrical, thermal and rheological enhancements. RSC Adv. 2015;5(130):107222–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Chen J, Yao B, Li C, Shi G. An improved Hummers method for eco-friendly synthesis of graphene oxide. Carbon. 2013;64:225–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Teng K, Amiri A, Kazi S, Bakar M, Chew B. Fouling mitigation on heat exchanger surfaces by EDTA-treated MWCNT-based water nanofluids. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2016;60:445–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Teng K, Amiri A, Kazi S, Bakar M, Chew B, Al-Shamma’a A, et al. Retardation of heat exchanger surfaces mineral fouling by water-based diethylenetriamine pentaacetate-treated CNT nanofluids. Appl Therm Eng. 2017;110:495–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Allen CL, Chhatwal AR, Williams JM. Direct amide formation from unactivated carboxylic acids and amines. Chem Commun. 2012;48(5):666–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Amiri A, Shanbedi M, Savari M, Chew B, Kazi S. Cadmium ion sorption from aqueous solutions by high surface area ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid-treated carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv. 2015;5(87):71144–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Ghiadi B, Baniadam M, Maghrebi M, Amiri A. Rapid, one-pot synthesis of highly-soluble carbon nanotubes functionalized by L-arginine. Russ J Phys Chem A. 2013;87(4):649–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Amiri A, Maghrebi M, Baniadam M, Heris SZ. One-pot, efficient functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with diamines by microwave method. Appl Surf Sci. 2011;257(23):10261–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Amiri A, Naraghi M, Ahmadi G, Soleymaniha M, Shanbedi M. A review on liquid-phase exfoliation for scalable production of pure graphene, wrinkled, crumpled and functionalized graphene and challenges. FlatChem 2018;8:40–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Amiri A, Zubir MNM, Dimiev AM, Teng K, Shanbedi M, Kazi S, et al. Facile, environmentally friendly, cost effective and scalable production of few-layered graphene. Chem Eng J. 2017;326:1105–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Sarsam WS, Amiri A, Zubir MNM, Yarmand H, Kazi SN, Badarudin A. Stability and thermophysical properties of water-based nanofluids containing triethanolamine-treated graphene nanoplatelets with different specific surface areas. Colloids Surf A. 2016;500:17–31.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.04.016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Keblinski P, Phillpot S, Choi S, Eastman J. Mechanisms of heat flow in suspensions of nano-sized particles (nanofluids). Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2002;45(4):855–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Eastman JA, Phillpot S, Choi S, Keblinski P. Thermal transport in nanofluids 1. Annu Rev Mater Res. 2004;34:219–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Amiri A, Shanbedi M, AliAkbarzade MJ. The specific heat capacity, effective thermal conductivity, density, and viscosity of coolants containing carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Dispers Sci Technol. 2016;37(7):949–55.  https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2015.1074588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Shamaeil M, Firouzi M, Fakhar A. The effects of temperature and volume fraction on the thermal conductivity of functionalized DWCNTs/ethylene glycol nanofluid. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016;126(3):1455–62.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5548-x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Zadkhast M, Toghraie D, Karimipour A. Developing a new correlation to estimate the thermal conductivity of MWCNT-CuO/water hybrid nanofluid via an experimental investigation. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017;129(2):859–67.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6213-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Toghraie D, Chaharsoghi VA, Afrand M. Measurement of thermal conductivity of ZnO–TiO2/EG hybrid nanofluid. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2016;125(1):527–35.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5436-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Jbeili M, Wang G, Zhang J. Evaluation of thermal and power performances of nanofluid flows through square in-line cylinder arrays. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017;129(3):1923–34.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6363-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Hemmat Esfe M, Saedodin S. Turbulent forced convection heat transfer and thermophysical properties of Mgo–water nanofluid with consideration of different nanoparticles diameter, an empirical study. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;119(2):1205–13.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4197-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Bashirnezhad K, Rashidi MM, Yang Z, Bazri S, Yan W-M. A comprehensive review of last experimental studies on thermal conductivity of nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;122(2):863–84.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4820-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Rajesh Kumar B, Shemeena Basheer N, Jacob S, Kurian A, George SD. Thermal-lens probing of the enhanced thermal diffusivity of gold nanofluid-ethylene glycol mixture. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;119(1):453–60.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-014-4208-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Leena M, Srinivasan S. A comparative study on thermal conductivity of TiO2/ethylene glycol–water and TiO2/propylene glycol–water nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6616-6.Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    Selvam C, Mohan Lal D, Harish S. Thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of water–ethylene glycol mixture-based nanofluids with graphene nanoplatelets. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017;129(2):947–55.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6276-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Hemmat Esfe M, Behbahani PM, Arani AAA, Sarlak MR. Thermal conductivity enhancement of SiO2–MWCNT (85:15%)–EG hybrid nanofluids. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017;128(1):249–58.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5893-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Yu W, Xie H, Chen L, Li Y, Li D, editors. The preparation and thermal conductivities enhacement of nanofluids containing graphene oxide nanosheets. 2010 14th International heat transfer conference; 2010: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Shanbedi M, Heris SZ, Amiri A, Eshghi H. Synthesis of water-soluble Fe-decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes: a study on thermo-physical properties of ferromagnetic nanofluid. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2016;60:547–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Baby TT, Ramaprabhu S. Investigation of thermal and electrical conductivity of graphene based nanofluids. J Appl Phys. 2010;108(12):124308–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Shanbedi M, Heris SZ, Amiri A, Hosseinipour E, Eshghi H, Kazi S. Synthesis of aspartic acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes based water coolant and experimental investigation of thermal and hydrodynamic properties in circular tube. Energy Convers Manag. 2015;105:1366–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Baby TT, Sundara R. Synthesis and transport properties of metal oxide decorated graphene dispersed nanofluids. J Phys Chem C. 2011;115(17):8527–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Baby TT, Ramaprabhu S. Enhanced convective heat transfer using graphene dispersed nanofluids. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011;6(1):1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Yu W, Xie H, Wang X, Wang X. Significant thermal conductivity enhancement for nanofluids containing graphene nanosheets. Phys Lett A. 2011;375(10):1323–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Baby TT, Ramaprabhu S. Synthesis and nanofluid application of silver nanoparticles decorated graphene. J Mater Chem. 2011;21(26):9702–9.  https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm04106h.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Sun Z, Pöller S, Huang X, Guschin D, Taetz C, Ebbinghaus P, et al. High-yield exfoliation of graphite in acrylate polymers: a stable few-layer graphene nanofluid with enhanced thermal conductivity. Carbon. 2013;64:288–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Dhar P, Gupta SS, Chakraborty S, Pattamatta A, Das SK. The role of percolation and sheet dynamics during heat conduction in poly-dispersed graphene nanofluids. Appl Phys Lett. 2013;102(16):163114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Ghozatloo A, Shariaty-Niasar M, Rashidi AM. Preparation of nanofluids from functionalized graphene by new alkaline method and study on the thermal conductivity and stability. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2013;42:89–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Kole M, Dey T. Investigation of thermal conductivity, viscosity, and electrical conductivity of graphene based nanofluids. J Appl Phys. 2013;113(8):084307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Gupta SS, Siva VM, Krishnan S, Sreeprasad T, Singh PK, Pradeep T, et al. Thermal conductivity enhancement of nanofluids containing graphene nanosheets. J Appl Phys. 2011;110(8):084302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Yang Y, Oztekin A, Neti S, Mohapatra S, editors. Characterization and convective heat transfer with nanofluids. ASME/JSME 2011 8th thermal engineering joint conference; 2011: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Sarsam WS, Amiri A, Kazi S, Badarudin A. Stability and thermophysical properties of non-covalently functionalized graphene nanoplatelets nanofluids. Energy Convers Manag. 2016;116:101–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Amiri A, Shanbedi M, Dashti H, Thermophysical and rheological properties of water-based graphene quantum dots nanofluids. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2017;76:132–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Amiri A, Shanbedi M, Chew B, Kazi S, Solangi K. Toward improved engine performance with crumpled nitrogen-doped graphene based water–ethylene glycol coolant. Chem Eng J. 2016;289:583–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Hajjar Z, Morad Rashidi A, Ghozatloo A. Enhanced thermal conductivities of graphene oxide nanofluids. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2014;57:128–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Park SS, Kim NJ. Influence of the oxidation treatment and the average particle diameter of graphene for thermal conductivity enhancement. J Ind Eng Chem. 2014;20(4):1911–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Liu J, Wang F, Zhang L, Fang X, Zhang Z. Thermodynamic properties and thermal stability of ionic liquid-based nanofluids containing graphene as advanced heat transfer fluids for medium-to-high-temperature applications. Renew Energy. 2014;63:519–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Haque AM, Kwon S, Kim J, Noh J, Huh S, Chung H, et al. An experimental study on thermal characteristics of nanofluid with graphene and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. J Central South Univ. 2015;22(8):3202–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Lee G-J, Rhee CK. Enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids containing graphene nanoplatelets prepared by ultrasound irradiation. J Mater Sci. 2014;49(4):1506–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Ma W, Yang F, Shi J, Wang F, Zhang Z, Wang S. Silicone based nanofluids containing functionalized graphene nanosheets. Colloids Surf A. 2013;431:120–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    Shende R, Sundara R. Nitrogen doped hybrid carbon based composite dispersed nanofluids as working fluid for low-temperature direct absorption solar collectors. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells. 2015;140:9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Amiri A, Ahmadi G, Shanbedi M, Etemadi M, Mohd Zubir MN, Chew BT, et al. Heat transfer enhancement of water-based highly crumpled few-layer graphene nanofluids. RSC Adv. 2016;6(107):105508–27.  https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA22365F.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Chemical EngineeringMarvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityMarvdashtIran

Personalised recommendations

Cite article

Buy options