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Preparation of activated carbon filled epoxy nanocomposites

Morphological and thermal properties

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Abstract

Activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (AC-EFB), bamboo stem (AC-BS), and coconut shells (AC-CNS) were obtained by pyrolysis of agricultural wastes using two chemical reagents (H3PO4 or KOH). The AC-EFB, AC-BS and AC-CNS were used as filler in preparation of epoxy nanocomposites. Epoxy nanocomposites prepared at 1, 5 and 10 % activated carbons filler loading using KOH and H3PO4 chemical agents. Transmission electron microscopy confirms better dispersion of the nano-activated carbons in the epoxy matrix at 5 % activated carbon. The presence of 5 % AC-CNS in the epoxy matrix using H3PO4 chemical reagent resulted in an improvement of the thermal stability of epoxy matrix. KOH treated AC filled epoxy nanocomposites were slightly better in thermal stability as compared to H3PO4 treated AC filled epoxy nanocomposites, may be due to better interaction of filler with epoxy matrix. Thermal analysis results showed that thermal stability of the activated carbon filled epoxy nanocomposites improved as compared to the neat epoxy matrix. The degree of crystallinity of epoxy matrix was improved by adding the activated carbon due to interfacial interaction between AC and epoxy matrix rather than loading of AC alone. Developed nanocomposites from biomass (agricultural wastes) materials will help to reduce the overall cost of the materials for its demanding applications as insulating material.

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Acknowledgements

The researchers would like to thank the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang that has made this study possible.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, 11800, George Town, Penang, Malaysia

    H. P. S. Abdul Khalil & P. Firoozian

  2. Biocomposite Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    M. Jawaid

  3. School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia

    H. M. Akil

  4. Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia

    A. Hassan

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  1. H. P. S. Abdul Khalil
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  2. P. Firoozian
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  4. H. M. Akil
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Correspondence to H. P. S. Abdul Khalil.

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Abdul Khalil, H.P.S., Firoozian, P., Jawaid, M. et al. Preparation of activated carbon filled epoxy nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorim 113, 623–631 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2743-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2743-2

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