Abstract
The combined effect between calcium chloride and red phosphorus (RP) on the flame-retardancy of a cotton fabric (woven construction massing 152 g/m2) has been studied in this work. The laundered bone-dried massed samples were impregnated with suitable concentrations of individual aqueous red phosphorus suspensions and/or calcium chloride solutions and some bunches were impregnated with appropriate admixed solutions of the both chemicals. An acceptable synergistic effect was then experienced by using an admixed bath containing 0.20 F red phosphorus and 0.20 M calcium chloride for impartation of flame-retardancy to a cotton fabric. By using a vertical flame spread test the optimum mass of the mixture needed to donate flame-retardancy was obtained to be about 5.88 g anhydrous additives per 100 g dry fabric. Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) results concerning untreated and treated cotton fabrics at the optimum addition were obtained and their curves were compared and commented, fortifying the flame spread tests outcomes. It can be deduced that the applied treatment functioned as a catalyst at the combustion’s temperature of the polymeric substrate and, thermosensibilized the combustion process. This synergism is in favor of green chemistry as well as the economical and industrial view points.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Weidong W, Charles U, Yang Q. Comparison of different reactive organophosphorus flame-retardant agents for cotton: Part I. The bonding of the flame-retardant agents to cotton. Polym Degrad Stab. 2006;91:2541–8.
http://www.bestpak/company.com. Theatre effects, flame-retardant.
Castrovinci A, Camino G, Drevelle C, Duquesne S, Magniez C, Vouters M. Ammonium polyphosphate-aluminum trihydroxide antagonism in fire-retarded butadiene-styrene block copolymer. Eur Polym J. 2005;41:2023–33.
Modesti M, Lorenzetti A. Halogen-free flame retardants for polymeric foams. Polym Degrad Stab. 2002;78:167–73.
Kandare E, Chigwada G, Wang D, Wilkie CA, Hossenlopp JM. Probing synergism, antagonism, and additive effects in poly vinyl ester (PVE) composites with fire retardants. Polym Degrad Stab. 2006;91:1209–18.
Mostashari SM, Amirrahamet R, Farkhondeh A. Synergistic effect of sodium oxalate-urea on the flame-retardancy imparted to cotton fabric. Asian J Chem. 2006;18(3):2391–4.
Mostashari SM. Synergism effect of sodium polymeta phosphate-urea on the flame-retardancy imparted to a polyester fabric. Intern J Polym Mater. 2007;56:1–8.
Mostashari SM, Baghi O. Thermogravimetric analysis of cotton fabric incorporated by magnesium sulfate as a flame-retardant. J Appl Fire Sci. 2003–2004;12(3):203–8.
Mostashari SM, Zanjanchi MA, Baghi O. Burning of a cotton fabric impregnated by synthetic zinc carbonate hydroxide as a flame-retardant. Combust Explos and Shock Waves. 2005;41(4):426–9.
Mostashari SM, Kamali Nia Y, Baie S. Thermogravimetric studies of deposited potash impregnated for flame-retardancy into a cotton fabric. Chin J Chem. 2007;25:926–9.
Mostashari SM, Fayyas F. A thermogravimetric study of cotton fabric flame-retardancy by means of impregnation with red phosphorus. Chin J Chem. 2008;26:1030–4.
Mostashari SM, Kamali Nia Y, Fayyas F. Thermogravimetry of deposited caustic soda used as a flame-retardant for cotton fabric. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;91(1):237–41.
Mostashari SM, Mostashari SZ. Combustion pathway of cotton fabrics treated by ammonium sulfate as a flame-retardant studied by TG. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;91:437–41.
Mostashari SM, Kamali Nia Y. Detection of copper (II) sulfate's uniformity and its thermal behavior in flammability of cotton fabric, spectrophotometric and TG analysis. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;92(2):489–93.
Mostashari SM, Mostashari SZ. Synergistic effect of boric acid-urea on the flame-retardancy imparted to cotton fabric. Asian J Chem. 2005;17(4):2331–4.
Mostashari SM, Zanjanchi MA, Moafi HF, Mostashari SZ, Babaei Chaijan. Thermogravimetric analysis of a cellulosic fabric incorporated by synthetic ammonium magnesium phosphate as a flame-retardant. J PPTE. 2008;47:307–12.
U.S. Department of Commerce Standard for flammability of Childrens Sleepware (DOC.FF 3-71). Federal Register. 1971;36(146).
Reeves WA, Hammons MA. Horizontal burning rates of fabrics with low add-ons of fire retardant. Text Res J. 1980;50:245–9.
Troitizsch JH. Overview of flame-retardants. Chim Oggi/Chem Today. 1998;16:10,14.
Xiao J, Hu Y, Yang L, Cai Y, Song L, Chen Z, Fan W. Fire-retardant synergism between melamine and triphenyl phosphate in poly(butylene terephthalate). Polym Degrad and Stab. 2006;91:2093–100.
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/brominated-flame-retardant. 2006.
Labuschangne FJWJ, Focke WW. Metal catalysed intumescence: Characterisation of the thermal decomposition of calcium gluconate monohydrate. J Mat Sci. 2003;38(6):1249–54.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Gilan University for financial assistance of this research project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mostashari, S.M., Baie, S. TG studies of synergism between red phosphorus (RP)–calcium chloride used in flame-retardancy for a cotton fabric favorable to green chemistry. J Therm Anal Calorim 99, 431–436 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0166-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0166-5