Abstract
The thermal evolution of a slate rock sample (Berja, Almería, Spain) has been studied. The phase minerals identified in this sample were mica (illite), chlorite (clinochlore) and quartz as major components, with minor microcline, iron oxide and a mixed-layer or interstratified phase (montmorillonite-chlorite). This slate is highly silico-aluminous (48.33 mass% silica, 22.04 mass% alumina), and ca. 20 mass% of other elements, mainly Fe2O3 (8.35 mass%), alkaline-earths and alkaline oxides.
Two main endothermic DTA effects, centered at 640 and 730°C, were observed. The more important contribution of total mass loss (7.15 mass%) was found between 500–900°C, with two DTG peaks detected at 630 and 725°C. All these effects were associated to the dehydroxylation of structural OH groups of 2:1 layered silicates mixed in the slate. The dehydroxylation of the layered silicates evidenced by dilatometry, produced a rapid increase of expansion between 600–800°C. The thermal evolution of the slate upper 800°C indicated the first sintering effects associated to shrinkage, which is also favoured by its low particle size (average 23 μm) and the presence of a liquid or vitreous phase as increasing the heating temperature. The application of thermal diffractometry to the slate sample allowed to study the formation of dehydroxylated crystalline phases from the layered silicates after heating. At 1000°C, β-quartz, dehydroxylated illite, iron oxide, relicts of microcline and the vitreous phase were present in the sample. All these results are interesting to know the thermal behaviour of a complex mineral mixture as identified in the slate.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. G. F. Winkler, Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, Springer Verlag, 1976.
P. Sousa Santos, Tecnologia de argilas aplicada as argilas brasileiras, Vol. 2, p. 148, Blücher Ltd., Sao Paulo (Brasil) 1975.
D. S. Woods, Current views of development of slaty cleavage, An. Rev. Earth Sci., 2 (1974) 1.
R. L. Bates and J. A. Jackson, Glossary of Geology, Am. Geol. Inst., 1987.
W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie and J. Zussman, An Introduction to the Rock-forming Minerals, Longman, Hong Kong 1992.
Anon, What is slate?, Altivopedras Company, Minas Gerais, Brazil 2002, in www.altivopedras.com.
M. Lombardero and J. M. Quereda, Recursos minerales de España, Textos Universitarios, J. García and J. Martínez, Eds., CSIC, Madrid, Spain 1992, pp. 1118–1150
M. A. Rodríguez, F. Rubio, J. Rubio, M. J. Liso and J. L. Oteo, Bol. Geol. Min., 106 (1995) 437.
M. A. Rodríguez, J. Rubio, F. Rubio, M. J. Liso and J. L. Oteo, Clays Clay Miner., 45 (1997) 670.
T. U. Pritchard, Development of Expanded Slate for Horticultural and Aggregate Use, Eurothen 2000, Lisbon, 19–21 January 2000.
M. T. Vieira, L. Catarino, M. Oliveira, J. Sousa, J. M. Torralba, L. E. G. Cambronero, F. L. González-Mesones and A. Victoria, J. Mater, Process. Technol., 92–93 (1999) 97.
R. Caligaris, N. Quaranta, M. Caligaris and E. Benavides, Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V., 39 (2000) 623.
M. Regueiro and M. Lombardero, Innovaciones y avances en el sector de las rocas y minerales industriales, Summa S.A., Madrid 1997.
T. S. Valera, A. P. Ribeiro, F. R. Valenzuela-Díaz, A. Yoshiga, W. Ormanji and S. M. Toffoli, Annual Technical Conference-Society of Plastics Engineers, 3 (2002) 3949.
L. E. G. Cambronero, J. M. Ruiz-Román and J. M. Ruiz, Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V., 44 (2005) 368.
J. Garcia-Guinea, M. Lombardero, B. Roberts and J. Taboada, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. (Sect. B: Appl. Earth Sci.), 106 (1997) 205.
J. Garcia-Guinea, M. Lombardero, B. Roberts, J. Taboada and A. Peto, Mater. Construcc., 48 (1998) 37.
J. Garcia-Guinea, V. Cardenas, V. Correcher, A. Delgado, M. Lombardero and J. C. Barros, Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V., 39 (2000) 589.
B. A. van der Pluijm, N.-C. Ho, D. R. Peacor and R. J. Merriman, Nature, 392 (1998) 348.
M. A. Rodríguez, F. Rubio, J. Rubio, M. J. Liso and J. L. Oteo, Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V., 40 (2001) 101.
E. Garzon, A. Ruiz-Conde and P. J. Sanchez-Soto, Communication presented at VIII Congreso Nacional de Materiales, Valencia 2004.
P. J. Sánchez-Soto, M. C. Jiménez de Haro, L. A. Pérez-Maqueda, I. Varona and J. L. Pérez-Rodríguez, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 83 (2000) 1649.
G. W. Brindley and G. Brown, Crystal structures of clay minerals and their X-ray identification, Mineralogical Society, London 1980.
S. W. Bailey and J. S. Lister, Clays Clay Miner., 37 (1989) 193.
D. M. C. MacEwan and A. Ruiz-Amil, Interstratified Clay Minerals, Soil Components, Vol. 2, Inorganic Components, J. E. Gieseking Ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975, pp. 265–334.
A. Ruiz-Amil, F. Aragón, E. Vila and A. Ruiz-Conde, Clay Miner., 27 (1992) 257.
A. Ruiz-Conde, A. Ruiz-Amil, J. L. Pérez-Rodríguez and P. J. Sánchez-Soto, J. Mater. Chem., 6 (1996) 1557.
A. Ruiz-Conde, E. Garzón and P. J. Sánchez-Soto, in preparation.
A. Justo, J. L. Pérez-Rodríguez and P. J. Sánchez-Soto, J. Thermal. Anal., 40 (1993) 59.
K. H. Schüller, Process Mineralogy of Ceramic Materials, Ed. W. Baumgart et al., pp. 1–27, Ferdinand Enke, Sttutgart, Germany 1984.
G. W. Brindley and T. S. Chang, Am. Miner., 59 (1974) 152.
G. W. Brindley and J. Lemaitre, Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals A. C. D. Newman Ed., Monograph No. 6, The Mineralogical Society, London 1987, p. 319.
H. Takeda and B. Morosin, Acta Crystall., B31 (1975) 2444.
S. Guggenheim, Y. H. Chang and A. F. Koster van Groos, Am. Miner., 72 (1987) 537.
K. J. D. MacKenzie, I. W. M. Brown, C. M. Cardile and R. H. Meinhold, J. Mater. Sci., 22 (1987) 2645.
E. Murad and U. Wagner, Clay Miner., 31 (1996) 45.
G. E. Roch, M. E. Smith and S. R. Drachman, Clays Clay Miner., 46 (1998) 694.
S. G. Barlow and D. A. C. Manning, Br. Ceram. Trans. J., 98 (1999) 122.
S. W. Bailey, Structures of Layer Silicates, in [23], p. 1.
A. F. Koster van Groos and S. Guggenheim, in CMS Workshop Lectures, Vol. 3, Thermal Analysis in Clay Science, J. W. Stucki, D. L. Bish and F. A. Mumpton eds., The Clay Minerals Society, Boulder, Colorado, 1990, p. 49.
P. Munier and J. Meneret, Bull. Soc. Fr. Ceram., 7 (1950) 6.
G. García Ramos, F. González García, P. J. Sánchez-Soto and M. T. Ruiz, Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. V., 24 (1985) 67.
M. S. Tites and Y. Maniatis, Br. Ceram. Trans. J., 74 (1975) 19.
A. W. Norris, D. Taylor and I. Thorpe, Br. Ceram. Trans. J., 78 (1979) 102.
J. F. Schairer, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 40 (1957) 215.
E. F. Osborn and A. Muan Eds., Phase diagrams for ceramists, Plate 407, The American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio 1960.
V. Nastro, D. Vuono, M. Guzzo, G. Nicéforo, I. Bruno and P. De Luca, J. Therm. Anal. Cal., 84 (2006) 181.
D. D. Eberl and J. Shrodon, Am. Miner., 73 (1988) 1335.
J. Decleer and W. Viaene, Appl. Clay Sci., 8 (1993) 111.
A. Muan, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 40 (1957) 121.
D. N. Papadopoulou, M. Lalia-Kantouri, N. Kantiranis and J. A. Stratis, J. Therm. Anal. Cal., 84 (2006) 39.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sánchez-Soto, P.J., Ruiz-Conde, A., Bono, R. et al. Thermal evolution of a slate. J Therm Anal Calorim 90, 133–141 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-7751-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-7751-2