Skip to main content
Log in

A Blended Professional Development Program to Help a Teacher Learn to Provide One-to-One Scaffolding

  • Published:
Journal of Science Teacher Education

Abstract

Argumentation is central to instruction centered on socio-scientific issues (Sadler & Donnelly in International Journal of Science Education, 28(12), 1463–1488, 2006. doi:10.1080/09500690600708717). Teachers can play a big role in helping students engage in argumentation and solve authentic scientific problems. To do so, they need to learn one-to-one scaffolding—dynamic support to help students accomplish tasks that they could not complete unaided. This study explores a middle school science teacher’s provision of one-to-one scaffolding during a problem-based learning unit, in which students argued about how to optimize the water quality of their local river. The blended professional development program incorporated three 1.5-h seminars, one 8-h workshop, and 4 weeks of online education activities. Data sources were video of three small groups per period, and what students typed in response to prompts from computer-based argumentation scaffolds. Results indicated that the teacher provided one-to-one scaffolding on a par with inquiry-oriented teachers described in the literature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abd-El-Khalick, F. (2012). Examining the sources for our understandings about science: Enduring conflations and critical issues in research on nature of science in science education. International Journal of Science Education, 34, 353–374. doi:10.1080/09500693.2011.629013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abi-El-Mona, I., & Abd-El-Khalick, F. (2011). Perceptions of the nature and “goodness” of argument among college students, science teachers, and scientists. International Journal of Science Education, 33, 573–605. doi:10.1080/09500691003677889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrows, H. S., & Tamblyn, R. M. (1980). Problem-based learning: An approach to medical education. New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belland, B. R. (2009). Using the theory of habitus to move beyond the study of barriers to technology integration. Computers & Education, 52, 353–364. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2008.09.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belland, B. R. (2010). Portraits of middle school students constructing evidence-based arguments during problem-based learning: The impact of computer-based scaffolds. Educational Technology Research and Development, 58, 285–309. doi:10.1007/s11423-009-9139-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belland, B. R. (2012). Habitus, scaffolding, and problem-based learning: Why teachers’ experiences as students matter. In S. B. Fee & B. R. Belland (Eds.), The role of criticism in understanding problem solving: Honoring the work of John C. Belland (pp. 87–100). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3540-2_7

  • Belland, B. R. (2014). Scaffolding: Definition, current debates, and future directions. In J. M. Spector, M. D. Merrill, J. Elen, & M. J. Bishop (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (4th ed., pp. 505–518). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_39

  • Belland, B. R., French, B. F., & Ertmer, P. A. (2009a). Validity and problem-based learning research: A review of instruments used to assess intended learning outcomes. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 3(1), 59–89. doi:10.7771/1541-5015.1059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belland, B. R., Glazewski, K. D., & Ertmer, P. A. (2009b). Inclusion and problem-based learning: Roles of students in a mixed-ability group. Research on Middle Level Education, 32(9), 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belland, B. R., Glazewski, K. D., & Richardson, J. C. (2008). A scaffolding framework to support the construction of evidence-based arguments among middle school students. Educational Technology Research and Development, 56, 401–422. doi:10.1007/s11423-007-9074-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belland, B. R., Glazewski, K. D., & Richardson, J. C. (2011). Problem-based learning and argumentation: Testing a scaffolding framework to support middle school students’ creation of evidence-based arguments. Instructional Science, 39, 667–694. doi:10.1007/s11251-010-9148-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belland, B. R., Kim, C., & Hannafin, M. (2013). A framework for designing scaffolds that improve motivation and cognition. Educational Psychologist, 48, 243–270. doi:10.1080/00461520.2013.838920

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bérci, M. E. (2012). The fallacies of problem-based learning viewed as in a hermeneutic perspective on best teaching practices. In S. B. Fee & B. R. Belland (Eds.), The role of criticism in understanding problem solving: Honoring the work of John C. Belland (pp. 161–183). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3540-2_11

  • Brand, B. R., & Moore, S. J. (2011). Enhancing teachers’ application of inquiry-based strategies using a constructivist sociocultural professional development model. International Journal of Science Education, 33, 889–913. doi:10.1080/09500691003739374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bricker, L. A., & Bell, P. (2008). Conceptualizations of argumentation from science studies and the learning sciences and their implications for the practices of science education. Science Education, 92, 473–498. doi:10.1002/sce.20278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, D., & Hollingsworth, H. (2002). Elaborating a model of teacher professional growth. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18, 947–967. doi:10.1016/S0742-051X(02)00053-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1969). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, P. A., Kulik, J. A., & Kulik, C.-L. C. (1982). Educational outcomes of tutoring: A meta-analysis of findings. American Educational Research Journal, 19, 237–248. doi:10.3102/00028312019002237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooner, T. S. (2010). Creating opportunities for students in large cohorts to reflect in and on practice: Lessons learnt from a formative evaluation of students’ experiences of a technology-enhanced blended learning design. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41, 271–286. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2009.00933.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dall’Alba, G., & Sandberg, J. (2006). Unveiling professional development: A critical review of stage models. Review of Educational Research, 76, 383–412. doi:10.3102/00346543076003383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dede, C., Jass Ketelhut, D., Whitehouse, P., Breit, L., & McCloskey, E. M. (2008). A research agenda for online teacher professional development. Journal of Teacher Education, 60(1), 8–19. doi:10.1177/0022487108327554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolmans, D. H. J. M., & Schmidt, H. G. (2006). What do we know about cognitive and motivational effects of small group tutorials in problem-based learning? Advances in Health Sciences Education, 11, 321–336. doi:10.1007/s10459-006-9012-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elbaum, B., Vaughn, S., & Hughes, M. T. (2000). How effective are one-to-one tutoring programs in reading for elementary students at risk for reading failure? A meta-analysis of the intervention research. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 605–619. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.92.4.605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ertmer, P. A., & Simons, K. D. (2006). Jumping the PBL implementation hurdle: Supporting the efforts of K-12 teachers. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 1(1), 5. doi:10.7771/1541-5015.1005

    Google Scholar 

  • Fessler, R., & Rice, E. (2010). Teachers’ career stages and professional development. In P. Peterson, E. Baker, & B. McGaw (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education (pp. 582–586). Oxford: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-044894-7.00656-4

  • Frey, N., & Fisher, D. (2010). Identifying instructional moves during guided learning. The Reading Teacher, 64(2), 84–95. doi:10.1598/RT.64.2.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, J. A. A. (2008). A developmental evaluation primer. Montreal: The J. W. McConnell Family Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.mcconnellfoundation.ca/en/resources/publication/a-developmental-evaluation-primer

  • Gerard, L. F., Varma, K., Corliss, S. B., & Linn, M. C. (2011). Professional development for technology-enhanced inquiry science. Review of Educational Research, 81, 408–448. doi:10.3102/0034654311415121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillies, R. M., & Boyle, M. (2006). Ten Australian elementary teachers’ discourse and reported pedagogical practices during cooperative learning. The Elementary School Journal, 106, 429–452. doi:10.1086/esj.2006.106.issue-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodnough, K., & Cashion, M. (2006). Exploring problem-based learning in the context of high school science: Design and implementation issues. School Science and Mathematics, 106, 280–295. doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.2006.tb17919.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graesser, A. C., D’Mello, S., & Cade, W. (2009). Instruction based on tutoring. In R. A. Mayer & P. A. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of research on learning and instruction (pp. 408–426). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P., Hammerness, K., & McDonald, M. (2009). Redefining teaching, re-imagining teacher education. Teachers and Teaching, 15, 273–289. doi:10.1080/13540600902875340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, J. E., & Lee, O. (2003). Teacher professional development to improve the science and literacy achievement of English language learners. Bilingual Research Journal, 27, 475–501. doi:10.1080/15235882.2003.10162604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hmelo-Silver, C. E. (2004). Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn? Educational Psychology Review, 16, 235–266. doi:10.1023/B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3

  • Hmelo-Silver, C. E., & Barrows, H. S. (2006). Goals and strategies of a problem-based learning facilitator. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 1(1), 4. doi:10.7771/1541-5015.1004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, K., & Pressley, M. (1997). Scaffolding scientific competencies within classroom communities of inquiry. In K. Hogan & M. Pressley (Eds.), Scaffolding student learning: Instructional approaches and issues (pp. 74–107). Cambridge, MA: Brookline.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, A., Polhemus, L., & Jennings, S. (2005). CATIE: A blended approach to situated professional development. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32, 381–394. doi:10.2190/F97W-QUJ4-G7YG-FPXC

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hung, W. (2011). Theory to reality: A few issues in implementing problem-based learning. Educational Technology Research and Development, 59, 529–552. doi:10.1007/s11423-011-9198-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Instructure Canvas. (2012). Instructure Canvas. Retrieved from http://www.instructure.com/

  • Jonassen, D. H. (2000). Toward a design theory of problem solving. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(4), 63–85. doi:10.1007/BF02300500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, R., Keller, J., & Watkins, R. (1996). What works and what doesn’t: Evaluation beyond Kirkpatrick. Performance+ Instruction, 35, 8–12. doi:10.1002/pfi.4170350204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodner, J. L., Camp, P. J., Crismond, D., Fasse, B., Gray, J., Holbrook, J., … Ryan, M. (2003). Problem-based learning meets case-based reasoning in the middle-school science classroom: Putting learning by design™ into practice. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12, 495–547. doi:10.1207/S15327809JLS1204_2

  • Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in content analysis. Human Communication Research, 30, 411–433. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawless, K. A., & Pellegrino, J. W. (2007). Professional development in integrating technology into teaching and learning: Knowns, unknowns, and ways to pursue better questions and answers. Review of Educational Research, 77, 575–614. doi:10.3102/0034654307309921

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lekalakala-Mokgele, E. (2010). Facilitation in problem-based learning: Experiencing the locus of control. Nurse Education Today, 30, 638–642. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2009.12.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom-Ylänne, S., Pihlajamäki, H., & Kotkas, T. (2003). What makes a student group successful? Student–student and student–teacher interaction in a problem-based learning environment. Learning Environments Research, 6, 59–76. doi:10.1023/A:1022963826128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lock, J. V. (2006). A new image: Online communities to facilitate teacher professional development. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 14, 663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lockhorst, D., Wubbels, T., & van Oers, B. (2010). Educational dialogues and the fostering of pupils’ independence: The practices of two teachers. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 42, 99–121. doi:10.1080/00220270903079237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohman, M. C., & Finkelstein, M. (2000). Designing groups in problem-based learning to promote problem-solving skill and self-directedness. Instructional Science, 28, 291–307. doi:10.1023/A:1003927228005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loyens, S. M. M., Magda, J., & Rikers, R. M. J. P. (2008). Self-directed learning in problem-based learning and its relationships with self-regulated learning. Educational Psychology Review, 20, 411–427. doi:10.1007/s10648-008-9082-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, S. L., Guthrie, J. T., & Davis, M. H. (2006). Scaffolding for engagement in elementary school reading instruction. The Journal of Educational Research, 100, 3–20. doi:10.3200/JOER.100.1.3-20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maloch, B. (2002). Scaffolding student talk: One teacher’s role in literature discussion groups. Reading Research Quarterly, 37(1), 94–112. doi:10.1598/RRQ.37.1.4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monte-Sano, C., & Budano, C. (2013). Developing and enacting pedagogical content knowledge for teaching history: An exploration of two novice teachers’ growth over three years. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 22, 171–211. doi:10.1080/10508406.2012.742016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mouza, C. (2009). Does research-based professional development make a difference? A longitudinal investigation of teacher learning in technology integration. The Teachers College Record, 111, 1195–1241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myhill, D., & Warren, P. (2005). Scaffolds or straitjackets? Critical moments in classroom discourse. Educational Review, 57(1), 55–69. doi:10.1080/0013191042000274187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, A. W. (2010). Improving teacher questioning in science inquiry discussions through professional development. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 47, 422–453. doi:10.1002/tea.20345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opfer, V. D., & Pedder, D. (2011). Conceptualizing teacher professional learning. Review of Educational Research, 81, 376–407. doi:10.3102/0034654311413609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, J. (2010). Arguing to learn in science: The role of collaborative, critical discourse. Science, 328(5977), 463–466. doi:10.1126/science.1183944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owston, R., Wideman, H., Murphy, J., & Lupshenyuk, D. (2008). Blended teacher professional development: A synthesis of three program evaluations. The Internet and Higher Education, 11, 201–210. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.07.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pecore, J. L. (2013). Beyond beliefs: Teachers adapting problem-based learning to preexisting systems of practice. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 7(2), 6–33. doi:10.7771/1541-5015.1359

    Google Scholar 

  • Quintana, C., Reiser, B. J., Davis, E. A., Krajcik, J., Fretz, E., Duncan, R. G., … Soloway, E. (2004). A scaffolding design framework for software to support science inquiry. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13, 337–386. doi:10.1207/s15327809jls1303_4

  • Raphael, L. M., Pressley, M., & Mohan, L. (2008). Engaging instruction in middle school classrooms: An observational study of nine teachers. The Elementary School Journal, 109, 61–81. doi:10.1086/592367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasku-Puttonen, H., Eteläpelto, A., Arvaja, M., & Häkkinen, P. (2003). Is successful scaffolding an illusion?—Shifting patterns of responsibility and control in teacher–student interaction during a long-term learning project. Instructional Science, 31, 377–393. doi:10.1023/A:1025700810376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiser, B. J. (2004). Scaffolding complex learning: The mechanisms of structuring and problematizing student work. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 13, 273–304. doi:10.1207/s15327809jls1303_2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosiek, J. (2003). Emotional scaffolding: An exploration of the teacher knowledge at the intersection of student emotion and the subject matter. Journal of Teacher Education, 54, 399–412. doi:10.1177/0022487103257089

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Primo, M. A., & Furtak, E. M. (2006). Informal formative assessment and scientific inquiry: Exploring teachers’ practices and student learning. Educational Assessment, 11, 205–235. doi:10.1080/10627197.2006.9652991

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadler, T. D., Barab, S. A., & Scott, B. (2007). What do students gain by engaging in socioscientific inquiry? Research in Science Education, 37, 371–391. doi:10.1007/s11165-006-9030-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadler, T. D., & Donnelly, L. A. (2006). Socioscientific argumentation: The effects of content knowledge and morality. International Journal of Science Education, 28, 1463–1488. doi:10.1080/09500690600708717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, H. G., Rotgans, J. I., & Yew, E. H. (2011). The process of problem-based learning: What works and why. Medical Education, 45, 792–806. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04035.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14. doi:10.3102/0013189X015002004

  • Smith, C., & Gillespie, M. (2007). Research on professional development and teacher change: Implications for adult basic education. Review of Adult Learning and Literacy, 7, 205–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefl-Mabry, J., Powers, J. G., & Doll, C. (2006). Creating and sustaining problem-based partnerships among graduate, undergraduate, and K-12 learners: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 34, 131–153. doi:10.2190/4DMJ-85B4-GMH7-GEQB

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, O.-S. (2003). Problem-based learning innovation: Using problems to power learning in the 21st century. Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia.

  • Timperley, H., & Alton-Lee, A. (2008). Reframing teacher professional learning: An alternative policy approach to strengthening valued outcomes for diverse learners. Review of Research in Education, 32, 328–369. doi:10.3102/0091732X07308968

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Pol, J., Volman, M., & Beishuizen, J. (2010). Scaffolding in teacher–student interaction: A decade of research. Educational Psychology Review, 22, 271–296. doi:10.1007/s10648-010-9127-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Pol, J., Volman, M., & Beishuizen, J. (2011). Patterns of contingent teaching in teacher–student interaction. Learning and Instruction, 21, 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.10.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Pol, J., Volman, M., & Beishuizen, J. (2012). Promoting teacher scaffolding in small-group work: A contingency perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28, 193–205. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2011.09.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Driel, J. H., Beijaard, D., & Verloop, N. (2001). Professional development and reform in science education: The role of teachers’ practical knowledge. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38, 137–158. doi:10.1002/1098-2736(200102)38:2<137:AID-TEA1001>3.0.CO;2-U

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • VanLehn, K. (2011). The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems, and other tutoring systems. Educational Psychologist, 46, 197–221. doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.611369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Voogt, J., Almekinders, M., van den Akker, J., & Moonen, B. (2005). A “blended” in-service arrangement for classroom technology integration: Impacts on teachers and students. Computers in Human Behavior, 21, 523–539. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.10.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wayne, A. J., Yoon, K. S., Zhu, P., Cronen, S., & Garet, M. S. (2008). Experimenting with teacher professional development: Motives and methods. Educational Researcher, 37, 469–479. doi:10.3102/0013189X08327154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster-Wright, A. (2009). Reframing professional development through understanding authentic professional learning. Review of Educational Research, 79, 702–739. doi:10.3102/0034654308330970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D. (2003). The why? What? When? And how? Of tutoring: The development of helping and tutoring skills in children. Literacy Teaching and Learning, 7, 1–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 89–100. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00381.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, K. S., Duncan, T., Lee, S. W.-Y., Scarloss, B., & Shapley, K. L. (2007). Reviewing the evidence on how teacher professional development affects student achievement. (Issues & answers Report No. REL 2007–No. 033). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Southwest. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/edlabs

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by National Science Foundation Early CAREER Grant No. DRL-0953046 awarded to the first author. Any opinions, findings, or conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect official positions of NSF.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Brian R. Belland.

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Belland, B.R., Burdo, R. & Gu, J. A Blended Professional Development Program to Help a Teacher Learn to Provide One-to-One Scaffolding. J Sci Teacher Educ 26, 263–289 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-015-9419-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10972-015-9419-2

Keywords

Navigation