Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An ingenious construction of porous sodium alginate/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose composite aerogels for efficient adsorption of crystal violet dyes in wastewater

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Since caustic dyes are a major component of wastewater used in printing and dyeing, they represent a significant risk to human health. It’s getting harder to get rid of them efficiently. An appealing solution to this issue is adsorption based on biomass material aerogel. Here, using the sol-gel process and freeze-drying, an inventive three-dimensional porous aerogel (STA) was created using sodium alginate (SA) and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose (TOC) as raw materials, with the dual cross-linking effects of glutaraldehyde (GA) and Ca2+. Various characterization approaches and analytical methods were used to study STA. The results indicated that the addition of TOC resulted in the excellent pore structure, thermal stability, charge characteristic and adsorption capacity of STA. The adsorption capacity of STA was investigated by selecting crystalline violet (CV) as a typical cationic dye. Thereafter, the adsorption capacity was comprehensively analyzed by varying temperature, pH and adsorption time. The adsorption process conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model has a better fit, which was a single-molecule layer chemisorption process. The highest adsorption capacity reached 505.9 mg/g. Moreover, STA also possessed outstanding competitive adsorption capacity and cyclic adsorption performance.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

  • Sodium alginate and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose were combined innovatively, and the application scope of bio-based materials was expanded.

  • A double cross-linking reaction was achieved in the presence of Ca2+ and glutaraldehyde.

  • The largest porosity reached 95.6% as a result of the three-dimensional porous structure.

  • The maximum adsorption capacity for CV reached 505.98 mg/g. Recycling times and competitive adsorption capacity are excellent.

  • The thermal stability was enhanced to some extent due to the addition of TOC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Dong T, Tian N, Xu B (2022) Biomass poplar catkin fiber-based superhydrophobic aerogel with tubular-lamellar interweaved neurons-like structure. J Hazard Mater 429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128290.

  2. Schroeter B, Yonkova VP, Niemeyer NAM (2021) Cellulose aerogel particles: control of particle and textural properties in jet cutting process Cellulose 28:223–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03555-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Sharma PR, Sharma SK, Antoine R (2019) Efficient removal of arsenic using zinc oxide nanocrystal-decorated regenerated microfibrillated cellulose scaffolds. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7(6):6140–6151. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Park M, Lee DJ, Hyun JH (2015) Nanocellulose-alginate hydrogel for cell encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 116:223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.059

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jiang YH, Zhang YQ, Wang ZH (2022) Cotton-derived green sustainable membrane with tailored wettability interface: Synergy of lignin and ethyl cellulose. Ind Crop Prod 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.114993.

  6. Sharma PR, Chattopadhyay A, Zhan CB (2018) Lead removal from water using carboxycellulose nanofibers prepared by nitro-oxidation method Cellulose 25(3):1961–1973. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1659-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Jiao CL, Li TT, Wang J (2020) Efficient removal of dyes from aqueous solution by a porous sodium alginate/gelatin/graphene oxide triple-network composite aerogel. J Polym Environ 28:1492–1502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01702-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Deng WF, Tang YJ, Mao JC (2021) Cellulose nanofibril as a crosslinker to reinforce the sodium alginate/chitosan hydrogels. Cellulose 190:890–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Guo X, Zhao H, Qiang XH (2023) Facile construction of agar-based fire-resistant aerogels: a synergistic strategy via in situ generations of magnesium hydroxide and cross-linked Ca-alginate. Int J Biol Macromol 227:297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Storer DP, Phelps JL, Wu X (2020) Rice-straw-fiber-based 3d photothermal aerogels for highly efficient solar evaporation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12:15279–15287. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c01707

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hao X, Yang, SY, Tao E (2022) High efficiency and selective removal of Cu(II) via regulating the pore size of graphene oxide/montmorillonite composite aerogel. J Hazard Mater 424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127680.

  12. El-Sayed NS, Kiey SAA, Darwish A (2022) High performance hydrogel electrodes based on sodium alginate-g-poly (AM-c o-ECA-co-AMPS for supercapacitor application. Int J Biol Macromol 218:420–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen H, Sharma PR, Sharma SK (2022) Effective Thallium(I) Removal by Nanocellulose Bioadsorbent Prepared by Nitro-Oxidation of Sorghum Stalks. Nanomaterials. 12 (23). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116348.

  14. Xie Q, Zou YK, Wang YZ (2022) Mechanically robust sodium alginate/cellulose nanofibers/polyethyleneimine composite aerogel for effective removal of hexavalent chromium and anionic dyes. Polym Eng Sci 62:1927–1940. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Li WQ, Zhang LP, Hu D (2021) A mesoporous nanocellulose/sodium alginate/carboxymethyl-chitosan gel beads for efficient adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+. Int J Biol Macromol 187(2021):922–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhu G, Isaza LG, Huang B (2022) Multifunctional nanocellulose/carbon nanotube composite aerogels for high-efficiency electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 10:2397–2408. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Karimzadeh Z, Namazi H (2022) Nontoxic double-network polymeric hybrid aerogel functionalized with reduced graphene oxide: Preparation, characterization, and evaluation as drug delivery agent. J Polym Res 29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-02902-0.

  18. Long LY, Li FF, Weng YX (2019) Effects of sodium montmorillonite on the preparation and properties of cellulose aerogels. Polymers 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11030415.

  19. Sharma PR, Chattopadhyay A, Sharma S (2017) Efficient removal of UO22+ from water using carboxycellulose nanofibers prepared by the nitro-oxidation method. Ind Eng Chem Res 56(46):13885–13893. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Das R, Lindström T, Sharma PR (2022) Nanocellulose for sustainable water purification. Chem Rev 122(9):8936–9031. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Liu QY, Liu YQ, Feng Q (2023) Preparation of antifouling and highly hydrophobic cellulose nanofibers/alginate aerogels by bidirectional freeze-drying for water-oil separation in the ocean environment. J Hazard Mater 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129965.

  22. Yang J, Xia YF, Xu P (2018) Super-elastic and highly hydrophobic/superoleophilic sodium alginate/cellulose aerogel for oil/water separation. Cellulose 25:3533–3544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-1801-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sharma PR, Joshi R, Sharma SK (2017) A simple approach to prepare carboxycellulose nanofibers from untreated biomass. Biomacromolecules 18(8):2333–2342. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Liu CY, Liu HY, Xu AR (2017) In situ reduced and assembled three-dimensional graphene aerogel for efficient dye removal. J Alloy Compd 714:522–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang YF, Wu L, Deng HL (2021) Modified graphene oxide composite aerogels for enhanced adsorption behavior to heavy metal ions. J Environ Chem Eng 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106008.

  26. Han XH, Liang JC, Fukuda S (2022) Sodium alginate-silica composite aerogels from rice husk ash for efficient absorption of organic pollutants. Biomass Bioenerg 159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2022.106424.

  27. Tian YR, Zhang XF, Feng XY (2021) Shapeable and underwater super-elastic cellulose nanofiber/alginate cryogels by freezing-induced oxa-Michael reaction for efficient protein purification. Carbohydr Polym 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118498.

  28. Gao C, Wang XL, An QD (2021) Synergistic preparation of modified alginate aerogel with melamine/chitosan for efficiently selective adsorption of lead ions. Carbohydr Polym 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117564.

  29. Wang ZQ, Wu SS, Zhang YN (2020) Preparation of modified sodium alginate aerogel and its application in removing lead and cadmium ions in wastewater. Int J Biol Macromol 157:687–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wang SK, Ma XF, Zheng PW (2019) Sulfo-functional 3D porous cellulose/graphene oxide composites for highly efficient removal of methylene blue and tetracycline from water. Int J Biol Macromol 140:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Feng JZ, Su BL, Xia HS (2021) Printed aerogels: chemistry, processing, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 50:3842–3888. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00757a

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wang FF, Zhang H, Sun YF (2023) Superhydrophilic quaternized calcium alginate based aerogel membrane for oil-water separation and removal of bacteria and dyes. Int J Biol Macromol 227:1141–1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang M, Yang Q, Zhao XQ (2019) Highly efficient removal of copper ions from water by using a novel alginate-polyethyleneimine hybrid aerogel. Int J Biol Macromol 138:1079–1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Feng YL, Wang H, Xu JH (2021) Fabrication of MXene/PEI functionalized sodium alginate aerogel and its excellent adsorption behavior for Cr(VI) and Congo Red from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125777.

  35. Rong NN, Chen CC, Ouyang KW (2021) Adsorption characteristics of directional cellulose nanofiber/chitosan/ montmorillonite aerogel as adsorbent for wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119120.

  36. Zheng K, Gong WL, Wu MB (2023) Amphoteric cellulose microspheres for the efficient remediation of anionic and cationic dyeing wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2022.123035.

  37. Guo WH, Zhang JB, Yang F (2020) Highly efficient and selective recovery of gallium achieved on an amide-functionalized cellulose. Sep Purif Technol 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116355.

  38. He XX, Sun CX, Khalesi HD (2022) Comparison of cellulose derivatives for Ca2+ and Zn2+ adsorption: Binding behavior and in vivo bioavailability. Carbohydr Polym 294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119837.

  39. Wang Y, Li YX, Zhang YP (2021) Nanocellulose aerogel for highly efficient adsorption of uranium (VI) from aqueous solution. Carbohydr Polym 267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118233.

  40. Zhou SJ, Xia LJ, Fu Z (2021) Purification of dye-contaminated ethanol-water mixture using magnetic cellulose powders derived from agricultural waste biomass. Carbohydr Polym 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117690.

  41. Zhang TM, Zhang WW, Xi H (2021) Polydopamine functionalized cellulose-MXene composite aerogel with superior adsorption of methylene blue. Cellulose 28:4281–4293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03737-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cheng TJ, Zhang YH, Cui FJ (2022) Preparation of novel ZIF-8 aerogel adsorbent based on cellulose and the application of Cu (II) removal from wastewater. Chem Phys Lett 808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2022.140100.

  43. Dilamian M, Noroozi B (2021) Rice straw agri-waste for water pollutant adsorption: Relevant mesoporous super hydrophobic cellulose aerogel. Carbohydr Polym 251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117016.

  44. Gao L, Li ZH, Yi WM (2023) Effective Pb2+ adsorption by calcium alginate/modified cotton stalk biochar aerogel spheres: with application in actual wastewater. J Environ Chem Eng 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.109074.

  45. Wang XY, Xie PB, He L (2022) Ultralight, mechanically enhanced, and thermally improved graphene-cellulose-polyethyleneimine aerogels for the adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes. Nanomater 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12101727.

  46. He BY, Zhang YY, Li BJ (2021) Preparation and hydrophobic modification of carboxymethyl chitosan aerogels and their application as an oil adsorption material. J Environ Chem Eng 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.106333.

  47. Chong KY, Chia CH, Zakaria S (2015) CaCO3-decorated cellulose aerogel for removal of Congo Red from aqueous solution. Cellulose 22(4):2683–2691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0675-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cui FJ, Li HD, Chen C (2021) Cattail fibers as source of cellulose to prepare a novel type of composite aerogel adsorbent for the removal of enrofloxacin in wastewate. Int J Biol Macromol 191:171–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Dilamian M, Noroozi B (2021) Rice straw agri-waste for water pollutant adsorption: Relevant mesoporous super hydrophobic cellulose aerogel. Carbohydr Polym 25:117016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Liu K, Chen LH, Huang LL (2018) Adsorption behaviors of acidic and basic dyes by thiourea-modified nanocomposite aerogels based on nanofibrillated cellulose. Bioresources 13(3):5836–5849

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Luo MF, Wang M, Pang HP (2021) Super-assembled highly compressible and flexible cellulose aerogels for methylene blue removal from water. Chin Chem Lett 32(6):2091–2096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ren LL, Yang ZH, Huang L (2020) Macroscopic poly Schiff base-coated bacteria cellulose with high adsorption performance. Polymers 12(3):714. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12030714

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Wei X, Huang T, Nie J (2018) Bio-inspired functionalization of microcrystalline cellulose aerogel with high adsorption performance toward dyes. Carbohydr Polym 198:546–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zhang F, Wu WB, Sharma S (2015) Synthesis of cyclodextrin-functionalized cellulose nanofibril aerogel as a highly effective adsorbent for phenol pollutant removal. Bioresources 10(4):7555-7568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Zhang TM, Zhang WW, Xi H (2021) Polydopamine functionalized cellulose-MXene composite aerogel with superior adsorption of methylene blue. Cellulose 28(7):4281–4293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-03737-6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Li HM, Huang JY, Shen S (2023) Superhydrophobic sodium alginate/cellulose aerogel for dye adsorption and oil-water separation. Cellulose 30(11):7157–7175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05307-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Su HZ, Qiu WP, Deng TR (2023) Fabrication of physically multi-crosslinked sodium alginate/carboxylated-chitosan/montmorillonite-base aerogel modified by polyethyleneimine for the efficient adsorption of organic dye and Cu(II) contaminants. Sep Purif Technol 330:125321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Xie Q, Zou YK, Wang YZ (2022) Mechanically robust sodium alginate/cellulose nanofibers/polyethyleneimine composite aerogel for effective removal of hexavalent chromium and anionic dyes. Polym Eng Sci 62(6):1927–1940. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25976

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Li J, Lei LL, Liu Z (2023) Sodium alginate/polyethyleneimine/polydopamine@cellulose nanofiber composite aerogel as a novel adsorbent for Cr(VI) and dyes removal. Polym Eng Sci 63(10):3492–3506. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.26462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Jiao CL, Li TT, Wang J (2020) Efficient removal of dyes from aqueous solution by a porous sodium alginate/gelatin/graphene oxide triple-network composite aerogel. J Polym Environ 28(5):1492–1502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-020-01702-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Vu CL, Chau NDV, Kim HND (2023) Zinc oxide-doped carbon aerogel derived from bagasse cellulose/sodium alginate/zinc nitrate composite for dye adsorption, storage energy and electrochemical sensing. J Chem Technol Biotechnol https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7536

  62. Chen ZC, Weng PX, Song YH (2023) Loofah-inspired sodium alginate/carboxymethyl cellulose sodium-based porous frame for all-weather super-viscous crude oil adsorption and wastewater treatment in harsh environment. Carbohydr Polym 323:121450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121450

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Zhuang J, Pan MZ, Zhang YH (2023) Rapid adsorption of directional cellulose nanofibers/3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane/polyethyleneimine aerogels on microplastics in water. Int J Biol Macromol 235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123884.

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research did not obtain any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. This research was grateful for the testing services provided by the Analysis and Testing Center of East China University of Science and Technology, Materials Research Testing Platform of Materials School.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People’s Republic of China

    Zhao Zhang, Kun Li, Wenjie Dong, Zihao Wang, Xinyan Zhang & Jikui Wang

Authors
  1. Zhao Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kun Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Wenjie Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zihao Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xinyan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jikui Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ZZ: conceptualization, methodology, software, writing review & editing - original draft. JW: communication, supervision, polish, project administration, funding acquisition. KL: validation, investigation. WD: data curation, investigation. XZ: investigation, polish. ZW: supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jikui Wang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, Z., Li, K., Dong, W. et al. An ingenious construction of porous sodium alginate/TEMPO-oxidized cellulose composite aerogels for efficient adsorption of crystal violet dyes in wastewater. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-023-06299-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-023-06299-0

Keyword

Search

Navigation