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The effects of chain length of polyethylene glycol on porous Na2Ti6O13 for photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin

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Abstract

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different chain length was used to improve the porosity in Na2Ti6O13 prepared via a sol-gel route. The removal of long chain PEG during the calcination process caused the formation of fine Na2Ti6O13 particles and pores. The specific surface areas of Na2Ti6O13(600) and Na2Ti6O13(2000) were much larger than that of Na2Ti6O13. Na2Ti6O13(2000) had both the largest specific surface area (15.7 m2/g) and pore volume (0.0265 cm3/g). The photoluminescence intensities were in the sequence Na2Ti6O13 > Na2Ti6O13(6000) > Na2Ti6O13(600) > Na2Ti6O13(2000). The bandgap energies calculated for Na2Ti6O13, Na2Ti6O13(600), Na2Ti6O13(2000) and Na2Ti6O13(6000) were 3.15, 3.27, 3.53 and 3.64 eV, respectively. The ofloxacin degradation efficiency had a close correlation with the porosity of Na2Ti6O13(n). The ofloxacin degradation rate constants for Na2Ti6O13, Na2Ti6O13(600), Na2Ti6O13(2000) and Na2Ti6O13(6000) were 0.0101, 0.0266, 0.0454 and 0.0200 min−1, respectively. The absorption intensity of ofloxacin solution decreased with extended reaction time, showing the degradation of the organic groups in ofloxacin. The activity of Na2Ti6O13(n) had a close correlation with the number of hydroxyl radicals produced by the materials.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

  • The chain length of PEG was essential to prepare sodium titanate with a suitable porous structure.

  • The photogenerated holes and electrons had the longest lifetime in Na2Ti6O13(2000).

  • The ofloxacin degradation efficiency had a close correlation with the porosity of Na2Ti6O13(n).

  • All the ofloxacin molecules were degraded by Na2Ti6O13(2000) after 50 min of irradiation.

  • The activity of Na2Ti6O13(n) was related to the number of photogenerated hydroxyl radicals.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Applied Basic Research Program of Liaoning Province (2023JH2/101300021).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, 110159, China

    Yuwei Fu, Wenjie Zhang & Chang Ye

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  1. Yuwei Fu
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  2. Wenjie Zhang
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  3. Chang Ye
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Contributions

YF completed the data curation and investigation. WZ was responsible for supervision, writing- reviewing, and editing. CY worked for the data curation and methodology.

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Correspondence to Wenjie Zhang.

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Fu, Y., Zhang, W. & Ye, C. The effects of chain length of polyethylene glycol on porous Na2Ti6O13 for photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 109, 66–74 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-023-06250-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-023-06250-3

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