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Nanofluids: properties and applications

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology (2022)Cite this article

Abstract

Nanofluids are liquid suspensions of hard nanometer-sized particles suspended in a base fluid. The suspension of small solid particles in energy transmission fluids enhances their thermal conductivity and provides an inexpensive and creative way to greatly boost their heat transfer (HT) properties. It is possible to add nanofluids to various industrial and technical issues, such as heat exchangers, electrical equipment cooling, and chemical processes. In comparison to traditional fluids utilized for HT, which include water, oil, ethylene glycol, and single nanoparticles (NPs) involving nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids are new forms of fluids that display strong HT efficiency. In terms of cooling, hybrid nanofluids function well where temperature scales are high and have a wide variety of thermal applications. In general, hybrid nanofluids are developed by diffusing two distinct forms of NPs in base fluids, which has emerged as a novel nanotechnology.

Figure graphical abstract highlights the main parameters that influence the effective thermal conductivity of any nanofluid. Nano-fluids are produced by combining one or more nano-particles in a base-fluid. Nano-fluids, especially hybrid nano-fluids, have better thermal conductivities than simple liquids. The results of various articles demonstrated that various parameters such as nano-particles size, their volume fraction, temperature, aspect ratio, base-fluid, nano inclusions, additive, and pH affect nano-fluid thermal conductivity. In this paper, the effect of these parameters is reviewed by considering experimental works performed on thermal conductivity. Since thermal conductivity is measured by researchers experimentally, it is also important for researchers to understand the effect of nano-particles on humans and the environment. Thus, in this article, published articles in this field are reviewed and the effect of nano-particles on human and environment are investigated. The results of these articles indicated that nano-particles can endanger human health and can have irreversible effects on human health. The nano-particles also have a devastating effect on the environment and can affect the water, soil, and animals.

Highlights

  • An overview of nano fluids and their application to cooling and heating.

  • An overview of nano fluids and characteristics of cooling and heating.

  • Review recent progress in nano fluids in pharmaceutical and medical.

  • Review recent progress in nano fluids in mechanical engineering and civil engineering and medical physics.

  • Review recent progress in nano fluids in chemical processes and electrical equipment and thermal conductivity and thermophysical properties of nanofluids and thermal conductivity coefficient and nanoparticle viscosity concentration effect and effect of temperature on viscosity.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq

    Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim

  2. Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Unit (NAMRU), Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq

    Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim

  3. Department of laser and optical Electronics Engineering, Kut University College, Kūt, Iraq

    Doaa Basim mohammed

  4. Civil Engineering Department, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq

    Ahmed M. Abdulhadi

  5. Senior teacher at “Economic security” Department, Tashkent State University of Economics, Tashkent city, Uzbekistan

    Khusniddin Fakhriddinovich Uktamov

  6. Medical Physics Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Babil, Iraq

    Forat H. Alsultany

  7. Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Samar Emad Izzat

  8. Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia

    Mohammad Javed Ansari

  9. Veterinary Medicine College, Al-Qasim green University, Al-Qasim, Iraq

    Hamzah H. Kzar

  10. College of Medicine, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq

    Moaed E. Al-Gazally

  11. Department of Chemical Engineering, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran

    Ehsan Kianfar

  12. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gachsaran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran, Dogonbadan, Iran

    Ehsan Kianfar

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  1. Ghassan Fadhil Smaisim
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  2. Doaa Basim mohammed
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  3. Ahmed M. Abdulhadi
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  4. Khusniddin Fakhriddinovich Uktamov
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Smaisim, G.F., mohammed, D.B., Abdulhadi, A.M. et al. Nanofluids: properties and applications. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-022-05859-0

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Keywords

  • Nanofluids
  • Nanoparticles
  • Heat transfer
  • Thermal conductivity
  • Hybrid nanofluids