Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Medium-scale production of gasochromic windows by sol-gel

  • Original Paper: Industrial and technological applications of sol-gel and hybrid materials
  • Published:
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

For energy saving demands, kinds of smart windows have been applied widely, such as electrochromic windows, thermochromic windows, and gasochromic windows. In this paper, the medium-scale production process of tungsten oxide gasochromic windows was systematically studied based on Sol-Gel technology. The whole medium-scale production process can be divided into the preparation of WO3 sol, coating and post treatment of WO3 films, and assemblage of gasochromic windows. The reaction condition, material ratio and the assemblage of the gasochromic windows were investigated and a large scale gasochromic window with 0.8 × 1.3 m2 area was prepared. And a systematic energy-saving evaluation method was proposed for the large-area gasochromic windows which considered the influence of solar radiation in different seasons on indoor cooling or heat energy consumption. The relevant parameters of summer and winter were used to calculate the comprehensive energy-saving evaluation parameters (EEP) of the windows. This evaluation parameter can be used to evaluate the annual energy-saving performance of the gasochromic windows.

The industry fabrication route of gasochromic windows is shown in graphical abstract. The gasochromic films are prepared via sol-gel method and further dip-coated on glass substrates. The gasochromic window adopts a double-glazed structure with two gas passages at the frame. A large scale gasochromic window with 0.8 × 1.3 m2 area in colored and bleached states is shown, based on which an energy-saving evaluation model is given.

Highlights

  • An industry production process of gasochromic windows based on Sol-Gel method has been reported.

  • A large scale of gasochromic window with 0.8 × 1.3 m2 area was fabricated.

  • According to the Chinese national standards and industry standards for window energy saving, the evaluation parameters of energy-saving effect of gasochromic windows are initially proposed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Huang Y, Yang C, Deng B, Wang C, Wu H (2019) Nanostructured pseudocapacitors with pH-tunable electrolyte for electrochromic smart windows. Nano Energy 66:104200

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Maa B, Eh C, Lei LD, Ming LD, Jz C, Tw A, Yw B, Vs A (2021) Smart windows – transmittance tuned thermochromic coatings for dynamic control of building performance. Energy Build. 235(2021):110717

  3. Qi W, Gao G, Wu G, Wang H (2019) Flexible gasochromic films with favorable high temperature resistance and energy efficiency. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 195:63–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kang JH, Oh CM, Kim JY, Yaacob MH, Ou JZ, Wlodarski W (2012) Optical Sensing Properties of WO3 Nanostructured Thin Films on Sapphire Substrate Toward Hydrogen. Biomed Eng Appl Basis Commun 24:1250014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tllberg R, Petter JB, Loonen R, Gao T, Hamdy M (2019) Comparison of the energy saving potential of adaptive and controllable smart windows: A state-of-the-art review and simulation studies of thermochromic, photochromic and electrochromic technologies - ScienceDirect. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 200:109828–109828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Shi J, Wu G, Shen J, Gao G, Zhou B, Ni X, Yang X (2008) Preparation of Pd doped WO3 films via sol-gel method and their gasochromic properties. Proc SPIE - Int Soc Optical Eng 6984:69843A-69843A-69845

    Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang Z (2016) Synthesis and application to Gasochromics of WO3 nanostructures based on sol-gel method and hydrothermal process. Rare Met Mater Eng 45:354–359

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mirzaei A, Kim JH, Kim HW, Sang SK (2019) Gasochromic WO3 nanostructures for the detection of hydrogen gas: An overview. Appl Sci 9:1775

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wei F, Wu G, Gao G (2013) Ordered mesoporous WO3 film with outstanding gasochromic properties. J Mater Chem A 2:585–590

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gao G, Feng W, Wu G, Shen J, Zhang Z, Jin X, Zhang Z, Du A (2012) An investigation on the assembling of WO3 particles on the matrix of silica solution. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 64:427–435

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Li J, Zhao Q-L, Zhang G-Y, Chen J-Z, Zhong L, Li L, Huang J, Ma Z (2010) Synthesis of monoclinic WO3 nanosphere hydrogen gasochromic film via a sol–gel approach using PS-b-PAA diblock copolymer as template. Solid State Sci 12:1393–1398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kn A, Yy A, Ky A (2020) Low-temperature chemical fabrication of WO3 gasochromic switchable films: A comparative study of Pd and Pt nanoparticles dispersed WO3 films based on their structural and chemical properties. Thin Solid Films 709:138201–138201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zou Liping, Wu Guangming, Gao, Guohua, Feng, Wei, Li, Wen (2016) Gasochromic smart window: Optical and thermal properties, energy simulation and feasibility analysis. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells Int J Devoted Photovolt Photothermal Photochemical Sol Energy Convers 144:316–323

    Google Scholar 

  14. Yaacob MH, Breedon M, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Wlodarski W, Li Y Comparative study of the gasochromic performance of Pd/WO3 and Pt/WO3 nanotextured thin films for low concentration hydrogen sensing, In: Sensors, (2009)304–307.

  15. Zhang Z (2016) TiO2-doped WO3 gasochromic thin films produced by sol-gel technique with high hydrogen-sensing properties. Rare Met Mater Eng 45:325–331

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hsu CH, Chang CC, Tseng CM, Chan CC, Chao WH, Wu YR, Wen MH, Hsieh YT, Wang YC, Chen CL (2013) An ultra-fast response gasochromic device for hydrogen gas detection. Sens Actuators B Chem 186:193–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gesheva KA, Ivanova T, Marsen B, Cole B, Miller EL, Hamelmann F (2007) Structural and surface analysis of Mo–W oxide films prepared by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. Surf Coat Technol 201:9378–9384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang H, Gao G, Wu G, Zhao H, Qi W, Chen K, Zhang W, Li Y (2019) Fast hydrogen diffusion induced by hydrogen pre-split for gasochromic based optical hydrogen sensors. Int J Hydrog Energy 44:15665–15676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Yoshimura K, Yamada Y, Bao S, Tajima K, Okada M (2009) Preparation and characterization of gasochromic switchable-mirror window with practical size. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 93:2138–2142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ghosh A, Norton B, Duffy A (2016) Measured thermal performance of a combined suspended particle switchable device evacuated glazing. Appl Energy 169:469–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Wei F, Zou L, Gao G, Wu G, Wen L (2016) Gasochromic smart window: Optical and thermal properties, energy simulation and feasibility analysis. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 144:316–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Allen K, Connelly K, Rutherford P, Wu Y (2017) Smart windows—Dynamic control of building energy performance. Energy Build. 139:535–546

  23. Pierucci A, Cannavale A, Martellotta F, Fiorito F (2018) Smart windows for carbon neutral buildings: A life cycle approach. Energy Build. 165:160–171

  24. State Building Materials Industry Bureau, (1994) Determination of light transmittance, solar direct transmittance. total solar energy transmittance and ultraviolet transmittance for glass in building and related glazing factors. GB/T 2680–1994:1–16

  25. Chang JX (2003) Recent development of Low-E glass, Vacuum. 02:1–6

  26. China Architecture & Building Press (2008) Calculation specification for thermal performance of windows,doors and glass curtain-walls. TGJ/T 151-2008:1–130

  27. Standards Press of China (2008) Graduation and test method for thermal insulating properties of doors and windows, GB/T 8484-2008:1–17

  28. Minstry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s of China (2009) Technical regulations for the application of architectural glass. JGJ 113-2009:1–98

  29. China Architecture & Building Pres (2010) Design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone. JGJ 134-2010:1–51

  30. Norton B, Duffy A, Ghosh A (2015) Measured overall heat transfer coefficient of a suspended particle device switchable glazing. Appl Energy 159:362–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant No. 2017YFA0204600], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant No. 51872204], [grant No. 52072261], [grant No. 22011540379], Shanghai Social Development Science and Technology Project [grant No. 20dz1201800].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Guohua Gao, Shengqing Xue, Haoran Wang, Jun Shen & Guangming Wu

  2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Zenghai Zhang

Authors
  1. Guohua Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shengqing Xue
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Haoran Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zenghai Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jun Shen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Guangming Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Guohua Gao, Zenghai Zhang or Guangming Wu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gao, G., Xue, S., Wang, H. et al. Medium-scale production of gasochromic windows by sol-gel. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 106, 331–340 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05721-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05721-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation