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Colloidal stability and degradability of silica nanoparticles in biological fluids: a review

  • Invited Review: Sol–gel and hybrid materials for biological and health (medical) applications
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Abstract

This review shows the most common and promising strategies to generate colloidally stable silica nanoparticles (NPs) in simulated biological fluids and sheds light on the latest advances in producing degradable silica-based structures. Silica NPs can be synthesized in a wide variety of morphologies, porosity levels, and sizes. This versatility makes silica NPs one of the most promising nano-platforms for imaging and disease treatment. Nonetheless, biological barriers can decrease the success of translating them for therapeutic applications since the media composition can induce their colloidal stability loss. It can, consequently, lead to the NPs aggregation and affect their degradation profile. The interplay between NPs aggregation and degradation has been scarcely explored in the literature when biological fluids are seriously taken into account. Herein we discuss the theory behind the colloidal stability of silica NPs, the processes leading to their aggregation, and some strategies to overcome this issue (mainly focused on NPs surface functionalization). Furthermore, we addressed the main issues that affect the degradability of NPs in biological fluids, and explored some strategies, such as chemical surface modification, which are able to tune these degradation-driven profiles. Thus, the understanding of the silica NPs behavior in body fluids is essential for the approval of nanomedicines and, therefore, more investigations concerning the dynamics, thermodynamics, biological response, and structural parameters of silica-based NPs are of utmost importance.

Highlights

  • We discuss the challenges faced by silica-based nanoparticles in biological media.

  • We address relevant strategies to avoid aggregation of silica nanoparticles in biological fluids.

  • We present the impact of media and particle characteristics on silica nanoparticles degradation.

  • We discuss strategies used to tune silica nanoparticle degradability in the biological environment.

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Acknowledgements

The authors also acknowledge the financial support of the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (processes 2018/00763-8, 2019/24894-7, 2016/16905-0, 2020/00767-3, and 2015/25406-5). ASP and MBC acknowledge UNLP and CONICET for their support. ASP and MC staff members of CONICET.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Andressa da Cruz Schneid, Lindomar Jose Calumby Albuquerque, Gabriela Borba Mondo

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório Nacional de Luz Sincrotron (LNLS), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil

    Andressa da Cruz Schneid, Lindomar Jose Calumby Albuquerque, Gabriela Borba Mondo & Mateus Borba Cardoso

  2. Instituto de Química (IQ), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-970, Caixa Postal 6154, Campinas, SP, Brasil

    Gabriela Borba Mondo & Mateus Borba Cardoso

  3. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA-UNLP-CONICET), 1900, La Plata, Argentina

    Marcelo Ceolin & Agustin Silvio Picco

Authors
  1. Andressa da Cruz Schneid
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  2. Lindomar Jose Calumby Albuquerque
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  3. Gabriela Borba Mondo
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  4. Marcelo Ceolin
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  5. Agustin Silvio Picco
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  6. Mateus Borba Cardoso
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Agustin Silvio Picco or Mateus Borba Cardoso.

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da Cruz Schneid, A., Albuquerque, L.J.C., Mondo, G.B. et al. Colloidal stability and degradability of silica nanoparticles in biological fluids: a review. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 102, 41–62 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05695-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-021-05695-8

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