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High magnetic saturation of undoped and cobalt-doped tin oxide prepared by sol–gel method annealed in air and nitrogen gas

  • Original Paper: Sol-gel and hybrid materials for dielectric, electronic, magnetic and ferroelectric applications
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Abstract

High transparent Sn1−x Co x O2 (x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.10, 0.20) nanocrystalline thin films were prepared by a simple sol–gel method followed by a spin-coating technique then annealed in air and nitrogen gas. The effect of Co concentration and nitrogen gas on the structural, electrical, optical and magnetic properties of Sn1−x Co x O2 was investigated using X-ray diffractometer, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Hall Effect measurement system and vibrating sample magnetometer. The X-ray diffractometer patterns show that all of the films have good crystallization except some samples that annealed in nitrogen gas have extra peak corresponding to Sn7O(OH)2Cl2. The resistivity of samples annealed in nitrogen gas increased as Co concentration increases; however, the samples annealed in air showed higher resistivity that was impossible to measure. The optical transmittance of films annealed in nitrogen gas increased from 90 to 98%. The band gap obtained was 3.84 and 3.98 eV for pure sample annealed in air and nitrogen gas, respectively and increased as Co concentration increases. Ferromagnetic behavior was obtained from all samples while 10% Co-doped SnO2 annealed in nitrogen had highest saturation magnetization. This study revealed that annealing samples in nitrogen gas improved the physical property of samples.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the Malaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) (Grant No. 03-01-02-SF0742 to Dr Noor Ibrahim).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of physics, Qayenat Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qayenat, Iran

    M.H. Abdi

  2. School of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor, Malaysia

    Noor B. Ibrahim & H. Baqiah

Authors
  1. M.H. Abdi
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  2. Noor B. Ibrahim
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  3. H. Baqiah
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Correspondence to M.H. Abdi or Noor B. Ibrahim.

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Abdi, M., Ibrahim, N.B. & Baqiah, H. High magnetic saturation of undoped and cobalt-doped tin oxide prepared by sol–gel method annealed in air and nitrogen gas. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 82, 519–529 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-017-4305-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-017-4305-3

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