Abstract
Trametes versicolor (TV) cells were embedded in ceramic matrices (TV Biocers) through sol–gel method using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a silica precursor. The characterization of the free silica and TV Biocers was carried out by using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurement and catalytic activity assay. The performance of the TV Biocers as biocatalysts was evaluated using methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) dyes as model emerging organic micropollutants. It was observed that the dye removal performance η (mmol g−1) of the TV Biocers for MB and MG, respectively, was 7.400 and 5.569 mmol g−1 which was 18 and 128 % higher than the TV Biocers calculated values obtained from the free silica and free TV cells. These results demonstrated that the TV Biocers can offer better dye removal performance through a combination of adsorption and degradation processes. This is the first reported study on the immobilization of the TV cells in silica matrices, and further study is underway to improve their properties toward its applications for removal of emerging organic micropollutants.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Furusaki S (1988) Engineering aspects of immobilized biocatalysts. Jpn J Chem Eng 21:219–230
Caniato R, Piovan A, Filippini R, Innocenti G, Cappelletti EM (1995) Immobilization of plant cells in hybrid sol–gel materials. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 7:87–97
Pope EJA, Broun K, Peterson CM (1997) Bioartificial organ 1: silica gel encapsulated pancreatic islets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 8:635–639
Karout A, Buisson P, Perrard A, Pierre AC (2005) Shaping and mechanical reinforcement of silica aerogel biocatalysts with ceramic fiber felts. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 36:163–171
Kudanga T, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM, Burton S (2011) Potential applications of laccase-mediated coupling and grafting reaction: a review. Enzyme Microb Technol 48:195–208
Couto SR, Herrera JLT (2006) Industrial and biotechnological applications of laccases: a review. Biotechnol Adv 24:500–513
Türker M, Kennedy JF (1992) Immobilized whole cell systems: engineering considerations. Biopapers J 12:9–28
Davis SA, Burkett SL, Mendelson NH, Mann S (1997) Bacterial templating of ordered macrostructures in silica and silica-surfactant mesophases. Nature 385:420–423
Marco-Urrea E, Pérez-Trujilli M, Vicent T, Caminal G (2009) Ability of white-rot fungi to remove selected pharmaceutical and identification of degradation products of ibuprofen by Trametes versicolor. Chemosphere 74:765–772
Baldrian P (2006) Fungal laccases—occurrence and properties. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30:215–242
Mohidem NA, Mat HB (2009) The catalytic activity of laccase immobilized in sol–gel silica. J Appl Sci 9:3141–3145
Segura F, Durany G, Lozano R, Huguet V (2008) Detoxification pretreatment of black liquor derived from non-wood feedstock with white-rot fungi. Environ Technol 14:681–687
Majeau JA, Brar SK, Tyagi RD (2010) Laccase for removal of recalcitrant and emerging pollutants. Bioresour Technol 101:2331–2350
Mohidem NA, Mat HB (2011) Catalytic activity and stability of laccase entrapped in sol–gel silica with additives. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 114:472–477
Minussi RC, Pastore GM, Durán N (2002) Potential application of laccase in the food industry. Trends Food Sci Technol 13:205–216
Brijwani K, Rigdon A, Vadlani PV (2010) Fungal laccases: production, function and applications in food processing. Enzyme Res. doi:10.4061/2010/149748
Fernández-Fernández M, Sanromán MÁ, Moldes D (2013) Recent developments and applications of immobilized laccase. Biotechnol Adv 31:1808–1825
Meunier CF, Dandoy P, Su BL (2010) Encapsulation of cells within silica matrices: towards a new advance in the conception of living hybrid materials. J Colloid Interface Sci 342:211–224
Soltmann U, Böttcher H (2008) Utilization of sol–gel ceramics for the immobilization of living microorganism. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 48:66–72
Viswanath B, Subhosh Chandra M, Pallave H, Rajasekhar Reddy B (2008) Screening and assessment of laccase producing fungi isolated from different environmental samples. Afr J Biotechnol 7:1129–1133
Mansoori GA (2010) Synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi. US Patent 12, 511, 800. Chicago, IL: US
Ding WK, Shah NP (2009) Effect of homogenization techniques on reducing the size of microcapsules and the survival of probiotic bacteria therein. J Food Sci. doi:10.1111/j.17503841.2009.01195.x
Burden D (2012) Guide to the disruption of biological samples. Random Prim 12:1–25
Ho CW, Tan WS, Yap WB, Ling TC, Tey BT (2008) Comparative evaluation of different cell disruption methods for the release of recombinant hepatitis B core antigen from Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 13:577–583
Webb PA, Orr C (1997) Analytical methods in fine particle technology. Micromeritics Instrument Corp., USA
Gao S, Wang Y, Diao X, Luo G, Dai Y (2010) Effect of pore diameter and cross-linking method on the immobilization efficiency of Candida rugosa lipase in SBA-15. Bioresour Technol 101:3830–3837
Pérez-Quintanilla D, Hierro ID, Fajardo M, Sierra I (2006) 2-Mercaptothiazoline modified mesoporous silica for mercury removal from aqueous media. J Hazard Mater 134:245–246
Vera-Avila LE, Morales-Zamudio E, Garcia-Camacho MK (2004) Activity and reusability of sol–gel encapsulated a-amylase and catalase performance in flow-through systems. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 30:197–204
Dickson DJ, Ely RL (2011) Evaluation of encapsulation stress and the effect of additives on viability and photosynthetic activity of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 encapsulated in silica gel. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 91:1633–1646
Ohkuma M, Maeda Y, Johjima T, Kudo T (2001) Lignin degradation and roles of white rot fungi: study on an efficient symbiotic system in fungus-growing termites and its application to bioremediation. RIKEN Rev Foc Econ Sci Res 42:39–42
Siripong P, Oraphin B, Sanro T, Duanporn P (2009) Screening of fungi from natural sources in Thailand for degradation of polychlorinated hydrocarbons. Am Eur J Agric Environ Sci 5:466–472
Ogugbue CJ, Sawidis T (2011) Bioremediation and detoxification of synthetic wastewater containing triarylmethane dyes by Aromoas hydrophila isolated from industrial effluents. Biotechnol Res Int. doi:10.4061/2011/967925
Rajaguru P, Kalaiselvi K, Palanivel M, Subburam V (2000) Biodegradation of azo dyes in a sequential anaerobic-aerobic system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 54:268–273
Bao-e W, Yong-you H (2006) Comparison of four supports for adsorption of reactive dyes by immobilized Aspergillus fumigatus beads. J Environ Sci 19:451–457
Mohidem NA, Mat HB (2012) The catalytic activity enhancement and biodegradation potential of free laccase and novel sol-gel laccase in non-conventional solvents. Bioresour Technol 114:472–477
Mansor AF, Mohidem NA, Wan Mohd Zawawi WNI, Othman NS, Endud S, Mat HB (2015) Preparation and characterization of in situ entrapment of laccase in silica microparticles via an ambient drying procedure. J Sol Gel Sci Technol. doi:10.1007/s1097101537037
Acknowledgments
The financial supports from the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, for the MyBrain15 scholarships and the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS Grant No. 4F218) are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article. This research does not involve human and/or animal participants, and thus, informed consent is negligible.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wan Mohd Zawawi, W.N.I., Mansor, A.F., Othman, N.S. et al. Synthesis and characterization of immobilized white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor in sol–gel ceramics. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 77, 28–38 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3824-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-015-3824-z