Abstract
Validated analytical methods must be used for accurate and precise determination of identity, purity, strength, and quality of any pharmaceutical dose intended for human administration. Consequently, all analytical methods must be validated per USP <1225> and the ICH Q2R1 guidelines to meet the cGMP requirements of the FDA and EMA. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analytical method, with <10 min run time, was developed for the analysis of [11C]nicotine. The analytical method was found to be specific, accurate, suitable, robust, precise, and linear for [11C]nicotine, nicotine, and (±) nornicotine in the concentration ranges studied. The LOD and LOQ values were also established.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
US Department of Health and Human Services (2014) The health consequences of smoking-50 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK179276/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK179276.pdf
Drope J, Schluger N, Cahn Z, Drope J, Hamill S, Islami F, Liber A, Nargis N, Stoklosa M (2018) The tobacco atlas. American Cancer Society and Vital Strategies, Atlanta. https://tobaccoatlas.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/TobaccoAtlas_6thEdition LoRes_Rev0318.pdf.
Benowitz NL (2010) Nicotine addiction. N Engl J Med 362:2295–2303
Benowitz NL (2008) Clinical pharmacology of nicotine: implications for understanding, preventing, and treating tobacco addiction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 83:531–541
Fowler CD, Turner JR, Damaj MI (2020) Molecular mechanisms associated with nicotine pharmacology and dependence. Handb Exp Pharmacol 258:373–393
Adkison SE, O’Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, Hyland A, Borland R, Young H-H, Cummings KM, McNeil A, Thrasher JF, Hammond D, Fong GT (2013) Electronic nicotine delivery systems: international tobacco control four-country survey. Am J Prev Med 44:207–215
Berg CJ, Haardoerfer R, Escoffery C, Zheng P, Kegler M (2015) Cigarette users’ interest in using or switching to electronic nicotine delivery systems for smokeless tobacco for harm reduction, cessation, or novelty: a cross-sectional survey of US adults. Nicotine Tob Res 17:245–255
Dockrell M, Morrison R, Bauld L, McNeiol A (2013) E-cigarettes: prevalence and attitudes in Great Brittain. Nicotine Tob Res 15:1737–1744
King BA, Alam S, Promoff G, Arrazola R, Dube SR (2013) Awareness and ever-use of electronic cigarettes among US adults, 2010–2011. Nicotine Tob Res 15:1623–1627
Bergstrom M, Nordberg A, Lunell E, Antoni G, Langstrom B (1995) Regional deposition of inhaled 11C-nicotine vapor in the human airway as visualized by positron emission tomography. Clin Pharm Ther 57:310–317
Apana SM, Berridge MS (2010) Cigarettes labeled with [11C]nicotine: formulation and administration for PET inhalation. J Label Compd Radiopharm 53:6–10
Berridge MS, Apana SM, Nagano KK, Berridge CE, Leisure GP, Boswell MV (2010) Smoking produces a rapid rise of [11C]nicotine in the human brain. Psychopharmacology 209:383–394
Lunell E, Bergstrom M, Antoni G, Langstrom B, Nordberg A (1996) Nicotine deposition and body distribution from a nicotine inhaler and a cigarette studied with positron emission tomography. Clin Pharm Ther 58:593–594
Zuo Y, Garg PK, Nazih R, Garg S, Rose JE, Murugesan T, Mukhin AG (2017) A programmable smoke delivery device for PET imaging with cigarettes containing 11C-nicotine. J Neurosci Methods 283:55–61
Rose JE, Mukhin AG, Lokitz SJ, Turkington TG, Herskovic J, Behm FM, Garg S, Garg PK (2010) Kinetics of brain nicotine accumulation in dependent and nondependent smokers assessed with PET and cigarettes containing 11C-Nicotine. Proc Nat Acad Sci 107:5190–5195
Halldin C, Nagren K, Swahn C-G, Langstrom B, Nyback H (1992) (S)- and R-[11C]nicotine and the metabolites (R/S)-[11C]cotinine: preparation, metabolite studies and in vivo distribution in the human brain using PET. Int J Rad App Inst B Nucl Med Biol 19:871–880
Nyback H, Hallidin C, Ahlin A, Cyrvall M, Eriksson L (1994) PET Studies of the uptake of (S) and R-[11C]nicotine in the human brain: difficulties in visualizing specific receptor binding in vivo. Psychopharmacology 115:31–26
Muzic RF Jr, Berridge MS, Friedland RP, Zhu N, Nelson AD (1998) PET quantification of specific binding of carbon-11-nicotine in the human brain. J Nucl Med 39:2048–2054
USP <1225> (2020) Validation of compendial methods, United States of pharmacopeial conventions. USP 43 NF 38
ICH Q2(R1) (2005) Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology, international conference on harmonization. Geneva
Gillings N, Todde S, Behe M, Decristoforo C, Elsings P, Ferraro V et al (2020) EANM guideline on the validation of analytical methods for radiopharmaceuticals. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 5(7):1–29
Ghosh A, Woolum K, Knopp MV, Kumar K (2018) Development and optimization of a novel automated loop method for production of [11C]nicotine. Appl Rad Isot 140:76–82
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by the Wright Center of Innovation Development fund and an Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) grant from the American College of Radiology (U24CA80803).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghosh, A., Woolum, K., Knopp, M.V. et al. Validation of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for analysis of [11C]Nicotine. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 326, 1719–1725 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07467-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07467-0