Abstract
We are developing electron linear accelerator 100Mo(γ,n)99Mo technology as a replacement to nuclear reactor 235U(n,f)99Mo production. We report irradiation of natural molybdenum disks (25 MeV, 10 kW) and 100Mo-enriched disks (35 MeV, 2 kW), their dissolution and the extraction of 99mTc-pertechnetate. Up to 6.2 GBq 99Mo was produced, solvent extraction was performed at >90 % yields of 99mTc, and quality control showed that a product with high radionuclidic and radiochemical purity could be obtained. Irradiated natural molybdenum products showed more impurities (91mNb, 92mNb, 95mNb and 95Nb) than enriched target material. Linear accelerator technology is feasible for production of quality 99Mo/99mTc, particularly when paired with 100Mo-enriched targets.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
International Atomic Energy Agency (2008) Technetium-99m Radiopharmaceuticals: Manufacture of Kits. Technical Report Series 466. http://http://www-pub.iaea.org/mtcd/publications/pubdetails.asp?pubid=7867. Accessed 1 Feb 2015
MacLeod I. Secret U.S. weapon-grade uranium shipment to Chalk River near end. Ottawa Citizen, May 28, 2013. http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/secret-weapons-grade-uranium-shipments-to-canada-near-end. Accessed 1 Feb 2015
International Atomic Energy Agency (2009) IAEA addresses global radioisotope shortage. J Nucl Med 50:13N–14N
Van Noorden R (2013) The medical testing crisis. Nature 504:202–204
Mitka M (2009) Medical isotope shortage. JAMA 302:732
Natural Resources Canada, Report of the Expert Review Panel on Medical Isotope Production, 30 November 2009. www.cins.ca/docs/panrep-rapexp-eng.pdf. Accessed February 1, 2015
Guérin B, Tremblay S, Rodrigue S, Rousseau JA, Dumulon-Perreault V, Lecomte R, van Lier JE, Zyuzin A, van Lier EJ (2010) Cyclotron production of 99mTc: an approach to the medical isotope crisis. J Nucl Med 51:13N
Bennet RG, Terry WK, Christian JD, Kirkham RJ, Petti DW (1999) A system of 99mTc production based on distributed electron accelerators and thermal separation. Nucl Technol 126:102–121
Mang’era K, Alina M, Barnard J, Omotayo A, Brown P, Martin J, Carlson P, Saunders C, Hayward P (2011) Production, separation and evaluation of 99mTc and Mo99 from accelerator transmutation of 100Mo. J Nucl Med 52(Suppl 1):1439
Naik H, Suryanarayana SV, Jagadeesan KC, Thakare SV, Joshi PV, Nimje VT, Mittal KC, Goswami A, Venugopal V, Kailas S (2013) An alternative route for the preparation of the medical isotope 99Mo from the 238U(ϒ, f) and 100Mo(ϒ, n) reactions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 295:805–816
Pillai MRI, Knapp FF Jr (2011) Overcoming the 99mTc shortage: are options being overlooked? J Nucl Med 15:15N–28N
Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada’s Action on our Medical Isotopes Supply. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/uranium-nuclear/7793. Accessed February 1, 2015
Billinghurst MW, Abrams DN, Dupont J (1992) A comparison of radiopharmaceutical labelling efficiency of chromatographic generator vs MEK extraction [99mTc] pertechnetate. Appl Rad Isot 43:1045–1049
Gagnon K, Wilson JS, Holt CM, Abrams DN, McEwan AJ, Mitlin D, McQuarrie SA (2012) Cyclotron production of 99mTc: recycling of enriched 100Mo metal targets. Appl Radiat Isot 70:1685–1690
Dash A, Knapp FF Jr, Pillai MRA (2013) 99Mo/99mTc separation: an assessment of technology options. Nucl Med Biol 40:167–176
Boyd RE (1987) Technetium generators: status and prospects. Radiochim Acta 41:59–63
Molinski VJ (1982) A review of technetium-99m generator technology. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 33:811–819
Mushtaq A (2012) Future of low specific activity molybdenum-99/technetium-99m generator. Curr Radiopharm 5:325–328
Chattopadhyay S, Sujata SD, Das M, Goomer NC (2008) Recovery of 99mTc from Na2[99Mo]MoO4 solution obtained from reactor-produced (n, γ) 99Mo using a tiny Dowex-1 column in tandem with a small alumina column. Appl Radiat Isot 66:1814–1817
Narasimham DVS, Mani RS (1976) Chemical and radiochemical evaluation of the purity of 99mTc extracted by MEK. J Radioanal Chem 33:81
Chattopadhyay S, Das SS, Barua L (2010) A simple and rapid technique for recovery of 99mTc from low specific activity (n, γ) 99Mo based on solvent extraction and column chromatography. Appl Rad Isot 68:1–4
Tsuchiya K, Mutalib A, Chakrov P, Kaminaga M, Ishihara M, Kawamura H (2012) Status of 99Mo-99mTc Production Development by (n,γ) Reaction. In: Proceeding of the 4th International symposium in material Testing Reactors JAEA-Conf 2011–003, p 137–141
Gerlit TB (1955) Some chemical properties of technetium. In: Proceedings of International Conference on the Peaceful uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, 7:145
CTV News Saskatoon (2014) Saskatoon scientists make medical isotopes without nuclear reactor. http://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/saskatoon-scientists-make-medical-isotopes-without-nuclear-reactor-1.2102945. Accessed 1 Feb 2015
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by funding from Natural Resources Canada under the Non-Reactor Isotope Supply Program and the Isotope Technology Acceleration Program. Irradiation work at Mevex Corporation and the National Research Council, Ottawa is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mang’era, K., Ogbomo, K., Zriba, R. et al. Processing and evaluation of linear accelerator-produced 99Mo/99mTc in Canada. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 305, 79–85 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-3997-5
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-3997-5