Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of the aqueous-organic solvent mixtures upon super-aggregation of chitosan

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymer Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The self-assembly pattern of functionalized chitosan (CS), in various solvent mixtures, was discussed here. The previously synthesized amphiphilic thiobarbiturate-derived chitosan (CS-TBA) molecule (where the chitosan backbone was relatively more hydrophobic and the thiobarbiturate moiety was relatively more hydrophilic) was subjected to different solvent mixtures for this purpose. Then the morphological changes of the aggregates were studied and analyzed from the perspective of size and shape through various conventional techniques. One of the components of the solvent mixture was water, whereas another component was a different polar protic solvent i.e.; methanol and polar aprotic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile and dioxane. The superstructures were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), cryo transmission electron microscope (cryo-TEM) and differential light scattering (DLS) methodologies. Finally, the usability of the solvent-dependent morphologies was deliberated in this article. Through the detailed spectroscopic analysis, we observed various unique and magnificent morphologies in terms of size and shapes in different solvent mixtures (protic as well as aprotic and different in terms of polarity index). The astonishing superstructures also have fascinating dye encapsulation abilities (above 80% encapsulation for hydrophobic as well as a hydrophilic dye in case of methanol/water solvent mixture) in different solvent mixtures which could be applied in the field of self-assembly and dye removal industries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Yang Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Wang X, Wang Q, Chen M (2014) Advances in self-assembled chitosan nanomaterials for drug delivery. Biotechnol Adv. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.07.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Liang H, Sun X, Gao J, Zhou B (2020) Conducting chitosan/hydroxylethyl cellulose/polyaniline bionanocomposites hydrogel based on graphene oxide doped with Ag-NPs. Int J Biol Macromol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Hu Y, Du Y, Yang J, Tang Y, Li J, Wang X (2007) Self-aggregation and antibacterial activity of N-acylated chitosan. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.03.063

  4. Wang J, Zhuang S (2022) Chitosan-based materials: Preparation, modification and application. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131825

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Deb J, Das M, Das A (2017) Excellency of natural polymer in drug delivery system: A Review. Int J Pharm Biol Sci Arch. http://ijpba.in/index.php/ijpba/article/view/64

  6. Kale TS, Klaikherd A, Popere B, Thayumanavan S (2009) Supramolecular assemblies of amphiphilic homopolymers. Langmuir. https://doi.org/10.1021/la900734d

  7. Dang JM, Leong KW (2006) Natural polymers for gene delivery and tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2006.03.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Akash MSH, Rehman K, Chen S (2015) Natural and synthetic polymers as drug carriers for delivery of therapeutic proteins. Polym Rev. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2014.995806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sailaja AK, Amareshwar P, Chakravarty P (2011) Chitosan nanoparticles as a drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Pharm Sciences ISSN:0975–1491

    Google Scholar 

  10. Mane S, Rao VN, Shunmugam R (2012) Reversible ph- and lipid-sensitive vesicles from amphiphilic norbornene-derived thiobarbiturate homopolymers. ACS Macro Lett. https://doi.org/10.1021/mz2002092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Mandal P, Patra D, Shunmugam R (2020) Hierarchical self-assembled nanostructures of lactone-derived thiobarbiturate homopolymers for stimuli-responsive delivery applications. Polym Chem. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0PY00367K

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Liu Q, Zhang H, Yin S, Wu L, Shao C, Su Z (2007) Hierarchical self-assembling of dendritic–linear diblock complex based on hydrogen bonding. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.04.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Deng Z, Liu S (2020) Emerging trends in solution self-assembly of block copolymers. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Lefèvre N, Fustin C-A, Varshney SK, Gohy J-F (2007) Self-assembly of block copolymer complexes in organic solvents. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.02.060

  15. Zhu Y, Yang B, Chen S, Du J (2017) Polymer vesicles: mechanism, preparation, application, and responsive behavior. Prog Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Vasilevskaya VV, Khalatur PG, Khokhlov AR (2003) Conformational polymorphism of amphiphilic polymers in a poor solvent. Macromolecules. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0350563

  17. Soo PL, Eisenberg A(2004) Preparation of block copolymer vesicles in solution. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys. https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.10739

  18. Chen Z, Wang X, Zhang L, He L (2014) Vesicles from the self-assembly of coil-rod-coil triblock copolymers in selective solvents. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.04.038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Simonutti R, Bertani D, Marotta R, Ferrario S, Manzone D, Mauri M, Gregori M, Orlando A, Masserini M (2021) Morphogenic effect of common solvent in the self-assembly behavior of amphiphilic PEOb-PLA. Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123511

  20. Bhalkaran S, Wilson LD (2016) Investigation of self-assembly processes for chitosan-based coagulant-flocculant systems: a mini-review. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Tan L, Hu J, Huang H, Han J, Hu H (2015) Study of multi-functional electrospun composite nanofibrous mats for smart wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. d’Ayala GG, Malinconico M, Laurienzo P (2008) Marine Derived Polysaccharides for Biomedical Applications: Chemical Modification Approaches. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13092069

  23. Crini G, Badot P-M (2008) Application of chitosan, a natural aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption processes using batch studies: A review of recent literature. Prog Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.11.001

  24. Wang J, Zhuang S (2017) Removal of various pollutants from water and wastewater by modified chitosan adsorbents. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.1421845

  25. Wang J, Chen C (2014) Chitosan-based biosorbents: modification and application for biosorption of heavy metals and radionuclides. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.12.110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mandal P, Mukherjee M, Patra D, Shunmugam R (2022) Unique vesicular nano-architecture of thiobarbiturate derived chitosan with excellent hydrophilicity. J Polym Sci. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.20210700

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

P. M. thanks UGC-RGNF SC for the fellowship and funding, and M. M. thanks DSKPDF for the fellowship and funding. R. S. thanks IISER KOLKATA for infrastructure and funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, 741246, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India

    Piyali Mandal & Raja Shunmugam

  2. Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, 700009, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Madhumita Mukherjee

Authors
  1. Piyali Mandal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Madhumita Mukherjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Raja Shunmugam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The manuscript was written through the contributions of all authors. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Piyali Mandal or Raja Shunmugam.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (838 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mandal, P., Mukherjee, M. & Shunmugam, R. Effect of the aqueous-organic solvent mixtures upon super-aggregation of chitosan. J Polym Res 30, 26 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-03404-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-022-03404-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation