Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Worthman, C. M. (1998). Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychological Medicine, 28(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329179700593X.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arnold, E. (2011). Working with families of African Caribbean origin: Understanding issues around immigration and attachment. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Arday, J. (2018). Understanding mental health: What are the issues for black and ethnic minority students at University? Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci7100196.
Astell-Burt, T., Maynard, M. J., Lenguerrand, E., & Harding, S. (2012). Racism, ethnic density and psychological well-being through adolescence: Evidence from the Determinants of Adolescent Social well-being and Health longitudinal study. Ethnicity and Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2011.645153.
Benner, A. D., Wang, Y., Shen, Y., Boyle, A. E., Polk, R., & Cheng, Y. (2018). Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: a meta-analytic review. 73(7), 855–883. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000204.
Connelly, R., & Platt, L. (2014). Cohort profile: UK Millennium Cohort Study (mcs). International Journal of Epidemoiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu001.
Costello, E. J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02446.x.
Dadabhoy, H. (2018). Islamophobia: Psychological Correlates and Impact on Young Muslim Identity Development (Doctoral dissertation, UCL (University College London)).
Davis, S. (2007). Racism as trauma: Some reflections on psychotherapeutic work with clients from the African-Caribbean Diaspora from an attachment-based perspective. Attachment, 1(2), 179–199.
Google Scholar
de Haan, A. M., Boon, A. E., de Jong, J. T. V. M., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2018). A review of mental health treatment dropout by ethnic minority youth. Transcultural Psychiatry, 55(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461517731702.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Demie, F., & McLean, C. (2017). Black Caribbean underachievement in schools in England. London: Schools Research and Statistics Unit, Lambeth LA.
Department for Work and Pensions (2018). Income Dynamics: Income movements and the persistence of low incomes. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691848/income-dynamics-income-movements-and-persistence-of-low-incomes-2015-16.pdf.
Department of Health (2011). No health without mental health: a cross-government mental health outcomes strategy for people of all ages. Department of Health. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/138253/dh_124058.pdf.
Dex, S., & Joshi, H. (2004). Millennium cohort study first survey: a user’s guide to initial findings. January, 291. http://eprints.ioe.ac.uk/5933/1/MCS1_A_Users_Guide_To_Initial_Findings.pdf.
Diprete, T. A., & Eirich, G. M. (2006). Cumulative advantage as a mechanism for inequality: a review of theoretical and empirical developments. Annual Review of Sociology, 32, 271–297. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.32.061604.123127.
Article
Google Scholar
Doharty, N. (2019). ‘I FELT DEAD’: applying a racial microaggressions framework to Black students’ experiences of Black History Month and Black History. Race Ethnicity and Education, 22(1), 110–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1417253.
Article
Google Scholar
Edbrooke-Childs, J., Newman, R., Fleming, I., Deighton, J., & Wolpert, M. (2016). The association between ethnicity and care pathway for children with emotional problems in routinely collected child and adolescent mental health services data. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 25(5), 539–546.
Article
Google Scholar
Edge, D. (2010). Falling through the net—Black and minority ethnic women and perinatal mental healthcare: health professionals’ views. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.07.007.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fagg, J., Curtis, S., Stansfeld, S., & Congdon, P. (2006). Psychological distress among adolescents, and its relationship to individual, family and area characteristics in East London. Social Science and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.02.012.
Fernando, S., & Keating, F. (2008). Mental health in a multi-ethnic society: A multidisciplinary handbook. Routledge.
Fernández-Reino, M. (2020). Migrants and discrimination in the UK. The Migrant Observatory at the University of Oxford, 1–14. https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Briefing-Migrants-and-Discrimination-in-the-UK.pdf.
Flouri, E., Papachristou, E., Midouhas, E., Ploubidis, G. B., Lewis, G., & Joshi, H. (2019). Developmental cascades of internalising symptoms, externalising problems and cognitive ability from early childhood to middle adolescence. European Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.12.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gillborn, D. (2008). Racism and education: coincidence or conspiracy? Abingdon: Taylor & Fancis.
Gilman, S. E., Kawachi, I., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Buka, S. L. (2002). Socioeconomic status in childhood and the lifetime risk of major depression. International Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/intjepid/31.2.359.
Goodman, A., & Goodman, R. (2011). Population mean scores predict child mental disorder rates: Validating SDQ prevalence estimators in Britain. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02278.x.
Goodman, A., Lamping, D. L., & Ploubidis, G. B. (2010). When to use broader internalising and externalising subscales instead of the hypothesised five subscales on the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ): Data from british parents, teachers and children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9434-x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 38(5), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Green, H., McGinnity, A., Meltzer, H., Ford, T., & Goodman, R. (2005). Mental health of children and young people in Great Britain, 2004. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gutman, L. M. (2019). Do conduct problem pathways differ for black and minority ethnic children in the UK? An examination of trajectories from early childhood to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01116-w.
Gutman, L. M., Joshi, H., Parsonage, M., & Schoon, I. (2018). Gender-Specific Trajectories of Conduct Problems from Ages 3 to 11. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(7), 1467–1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0379-1.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gutman, L. M., Joshi, H., & Schoon, I. (2019). Developmental trajectories of conduct problems and cumulative risk from early childhood to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0971-x.
Gutman, L. M., & McMaster, N. (2020). Gendered Pathways of Internalizing Problems from Early Childhood to Adolescence and Associated Adolescent Outcomes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(5), 703–718. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00623-w.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gutman, L. M., Peck, S. C., Malanchuk, O., Sameroff, A. J., & Eccles, J. S. (2017a). Moving through adolescence: Developmental trajectories of African American and European American youth: Iv: Psychological Well-Being. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82(4), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12330.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gutman, L. M., Peck, S. C., Malanchuk, O., Sameroff, A. J. & Eccles, J. S. (2017b). Moving through adolescence: Developmental trajectories of African American and European American youth: VII Problem behaviors. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82(4), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12333.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hansen, K. (2014). Millennium cohort study: a guide to the data sets. London: UCL Institute of Education.
Google Scholar
Harding, S., Read, U. M., Molaodi, O. R., Cassidy, A., Maynard, M. J., Lenguerrand, E., Astell-Burt, T., Teyhan, A., Whitrow, M., & Enayat, Z. E. (2015). The Determinants of young Adult Social well-being and Health (DASH) study: diversity, psychosocial determinants and health. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1047-9.
Health and Social Care Information Centre (2013). NHS Workforce, summary of staff in the NHS: Results from September 2012 census. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/nhs-workforce-statistics-overview/nhs-workforce-summary-of-staff-in-the-nhs-results-from-september-2012-census.
Jung, T., & Wickrama, K. A. S. (2008). An Introduction to Latent Class Growth Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling. Social and Personality Psychology Compass. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Keating, F., Robertson, D., McCulloch, A., & Francis, E. (2002). Breaking the circles of fear: a review of the relationship between mental health services and African and Caribbean communities. The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health, 33(Jan), 6–10.
Kelly, Y., Panico, L., Bartley, M., Marmot, M., Nazroo, J., & Sacker, A. (2009). Why does birthweight vary among ethnic groups in the UK? Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Journal of Public Health, 31(1), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdn057.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lahey, B. B., Schwab-Stone, M., Goodman, S. H., Waldman, I. D., Canino, G., Rathouz, P. J., Miller, T. L., Dennis, K. D., Bird, H., & Jensen, P. S. (2000). Age and gender differences in oppositional behavior and conduct problems: a cross-sectional household study of middle childhood and adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.488.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mak, W., & Rosenblatt, A. (2002). Demographic influences on psychiatric diagnoses among youth served in California systems of care. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015173508474.
Article
Google Scholar
Malik, S. (2001). Representing black Britain: Black and Asian images on television. Sage.
Maynard, M. J., & Harding, S. (2010a). Perceived parenting and psychological well-being in UK ethnic minority adolescents. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36(5), 630–638. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01115.x.
Article
Google Scholar
Maynard, M. J., & Harding, S. (2010b). Ethnic differences in psychological well-being in adolescence in the context of time spent in family activities. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0047-z.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McLaughlin, K. A., Hilt, L. M., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2007). Racial/ethnic differences in internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35(5), 801–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9128-1.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mclean, C., Campbell, C., & Cornish, F. (2003). African-Caribbean interactions with mental health services in the UK: Experiences and expectations of exclusion as (re)productive of health inequalities. Social Science and Medicine, 56(3), 657–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00063-1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meltzer, H., Gatward, R., Goodman, R., & Ford, T. (2003). Mental health of children and adolescents in Great Britain. International Review of Psychiatry, 15(1–2), 185–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/0954026021000046155.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Memon, A., Taylor, K., Mohebati, L. M., Sundin, J., Cooper, M., Scanlon, T., & De Visser, R. (2016). Perceived barriers to accessing mental health services among black and minority ethnic (BME) communities: A qualitative study in Southeast England. BMJ Open, 6(11), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012337.
Article
Google Scholar
Miner, J. L., & Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (2008). Trajectories of externalizing behavior from age 2 to age 9: Relations with gender, temperament, ethnicity, parenting, and rater. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.771.
Moodley, R., Mujtaba, F., & Kleiman, S. (2017). Critical race theory and mental health. Routledge international handbook of critical mental health. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Moore, L., Jayaweera, H., Redshaw, M., & Quigley, M. (2019). Migration, ethnicity and mental health: evidence from mothers participating in the Millennium Cohort Study. Public Health, 171, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.03.022.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mortenson, B. C. (2018). The Role of Teacher Implicit Bias in the Racial Achievement Gap. Georgetown University-Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1050845.
Mostafa, T. (2014). Technical report on response in sweep 5 (age 11). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10018759/1/Technical_Report_on_Response_in_Sweep5_for_web_TM.pdf.
Nazroo, J., Bajekal, M., Blane, D., & Grewal, I. (2004). Ethnic inequalities. Growing Older: Quality of Life in Old Age (pp. 35–59). Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.
Nguyen, L., Huang, L. N., Arganza, G. F., & Liao, Q. (2007). The influence of race and ethnicity on psychiatric diagnoses and clinical characteristics of children and adolescents in children’s services. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.13.1.18.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nicolas, G., & Wheatley, A. (2013). Historical and socio-political perspectives on mental health in the Caribbean region. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 167–176.
Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2009) Final recommended questions for the 2011 Census in England and Wales: Ethnic Group. https://cy.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census/howourcensusworks/howweplannedthe2011census/questionnairedevelopment/finalisingthe2011questionnaire.
Office for National Statistics (2011a) Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales: 2011. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11.
Office for National Statistics (2011b). Ethnic groups by socio-economic status. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/demographics/socioeconomic-status/latest#full-page-history.
Office for National Statistics (2011c). Ethnic group by Religion. https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/DC2201EW/view/2092957703?rows=c_ethpuk11&cols=c_relpuk11.
Office for National Statistics (2015). Harmonised Concepts and Questions for Social Data Sources: Ethnic Group. May. https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/harmonisation/primary-set-of-harmonised-concepts-and-questions/ethnic-group.pdf.
Office for National Statistics (2020a) Hate Crime, England and Wales, 2019 to 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hate-crime-england-and-wales-2019-to-2020/hate-crime-england-and-wales-2019-to-2020.
Office for National Statistics (2020b). Police powers and procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2020 – Second Edition. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/935355/police-powers-procedures-mar20-hosb3120.pdf.
Office for National Statistics (2021). Temporary exclusions. https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/education-skills-and-training/absence-and-exclusions/pupil-exclusions/latest#temporary-exclusions-by-ethnicity.
Parkes, A., Sweeting, H., & Wight, D. (2016). Early childhood precursors and school age correlates of different internalising problem trajectories among young children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0116-6.
Patalay, P. (2015). Developmental complexity, structural simplicity: a longitudinal, multi-method investigation of internalising and externalising symptoms in young people. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1462897/.
Petersen, I. T., Lindhiem, O., LeBeau, B., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Lansford, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (2018). Development of internalizing problems from adolescence to emerging adulthood: Accounting for heterotypic continuity with vertical scaling. Developmental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000449.
Pingault, J. B., Viding, E., Galéra, C., Greven, C. U., Zheng, Y., Plomin, R., & Rijsdijk, F. (2015). Genetic and environmental influences on the developmental course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms from childhood to adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(7), 651–658. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0469.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Platt, L. (2011). Inequality within ethnic groups. May, 1–26. http://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/files/jrf/inequality-ethnicity-poverty-full.pdf.
Platt, L. (2012). How Do Children of Mixed Partnerships Fare in the United Kingdom? Understanding the Implications for Children of Parental Ethnic Homogamy and Heterogamy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716212444853.
Article
Google Scholar
Platt, L. (2020). Ethnic diversity in the UK: new opportunities and changing constraints. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(5), 839–856. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1539229.
Article
Google Scholar
Plewis, L. (2010). The Millennium Cohort Study. Technical report on response: Third edition. Population Trends, 107, 1–41. http://doc.ukdataservice.ac.uk/doc/4683/mrdoc/pdf/mcs_technical_report_on_response_june_2006_v1.pdf.
Reiss, F. (2013). Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Social Science and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.026
Rousseau, C., Hassan, G., Measham, T., & Lashley, M. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of conduct disorder and problem behavior in Caribbean and Filipino immigrant adolescents. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17(5), 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0640-1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education, health and behaviour: psychological and medical study of childhood development. Longman Group Limited.
Sadler, K., Vizard, T., Ford, T., Marchesell, F., Pearce, N., Mandalia, D., & McManus, S. (2018). Mental health of children and young people in England, 2017. https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/32622/1/MHCYP%202017%20Summary.pdf.
Sawyer, S. M., Afifi, R. A., Bearinger, L. H., Blakemore, S. J., Dick, B., Ezeh, A. C., & Patton, G. C. (2012). Adolescence: a foundation for future health. The Lancet, 379(9826), 1630–1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60072-5.
Article
Google Scholar
Schoon, I., & Melis, G. (2019). Intergenerational transmission of family adversity: Examining constellations of risk factors. PLoS ONE, 14(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214801.
Article
Google Scholar
Shi, Q., Ettekal, I., Deutz, M. H. F., & Woltering, S. (2020). Trajectories of pure and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems from early childhood to adolescence: Associations with early childhood individual and contextual antecedents. Developmental Psychology, 56(10), 1906–1918. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001095.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stansfeld, S. A., Haines, M. M., Head, J. A., Bhui, K., Viner, R., Taylor, S. J. C., Hillier, S., Klineberg, E., & Booy, R. (2004). Ethnicity, social deprivation and psychological distress in adolescents: School-based epidemiological study in east London. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185(Sept.), 233–238. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.3.233.
Article
Google Scholar
Stevenson, J., Demack, S., Stiell, B., Abdi, M., Clarkson, L., Ghaffar, F., & Hassan, S. (2017). The Social Mobility Challenges Faced by Young Muslims. Social Mobility Commission, September. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/642220/Young_Muslims_SMC.pdf.
Strand, S. (2012). The White British-Black Caribbean achievement gap: Tests, tiers and teacher expectations. British Educational Research Journal, 38(1), 75–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.526702.
Article
Google Scholar
Sullivan, S. (2013). Inheriting racist disparities in health: Epigenetics and the transgenerational effects of white racism. Critical Philosophy of Race, 1(2), 190–218.
Article
Google Scholar
Tong, K., Peart, A., & Rennalls, S. J. (2019). November). Reframing our stories: Addressing barriers faced by Black people trying to access a career in clinical psychology. Clinical Psychology Forum, 323, 15.
U.S. Department of Commerce (2019). Population estimates, July 1, 2019. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219.
Vella, S. A., Gardner, L. A., Swann, C., & Allen, M. S. (2019). Trajectories and predictors of risk for mental health problems throughout childhood. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12279.
Wallace, S., Nazroo, J., & Bécares, L. (2016). Cumulative effect of racial discrimination on the mental health of ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121.
Watson, H., Harrop, D., Walton, E., Young, A., & Soltani, H. (2019). A systematic review of ethnic minority women’s experiences of perinatal mental health conditions and services in Europe. PLoS ONE, 14(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210587.
Article
Google Scholar
Whitfield, J. (2006). Policing the Windrush Generation. http://www.historyandpolicy.org/archive/policy-paper-45.html.
Williams, E. D., Nazroo, J. Y., Kooner, J. S., & Steptoe, A. (2010). Subgroup differences in psychosocial factors relating to coronary heart disease in the UK South Asian population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(4), 379–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.03.015.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Health Organisation (2014). Social determinants of mental health. World Health Organisation. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/112828.
World Health Organization (2018). Adolescent mental health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/mental_health/maternal-child/adolescent/en/.
Zilanawala, A., Sacker, A., & Kelly, Y. (2018). Mixed ethnicity and behavioural problems in the Millennium Cohort Study. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 103(1), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2015-309701.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zilanawala, A., Sacker, A., Nazroo, J., & Kelly, Y. (2015). Ethnic differences in children’s socioemotional difficulties: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Social Science and Medicine, 134, 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.04.012.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar