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The Effects of Neighborhood Context on Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Among Adolescents Involved in the Juvenile Justice System: Latent Classes and Contextual Effects

  • Empirical Research
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Abstract

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been identified as a key risk factor associated with a wide range of negative life outcomes, including juvenile delinquency. Much less work has explored whether certain combinations of ACEs, or typologies of trauma, exist, and whether or not these subgroups are differentially associated with certain youth-level and/or community-level characteristics. The current study uses latent class analysis to examine ACE typologies among a sample of over 92,000 juvenile offenders between the ages of 10 and 18 in the state of Florida (52% male, 37.3% White, 46.8% Black, 15.9% Hispanic). Multilevel multinomial logistic regression is used to assess the relationship between both individual- and community-level factors and class membership. The findings suggest that a total of five distinct ACE typologies exist among the sample of juvenile offenders, and age, race, and sex were significantly associated with class membership. Additionally, controlling for individual-level characteristics, community-level measures of immigrant concentration, residential instability, and two separate measures of concentrated disadvantage and affluence were significantly related to class membership. This study contributes to the understanding of adverse childhood experiences, and adds to existing knowledge regarding the relationship between contextual factors and childhood abuse, maltreatment, and trauma. The identification of ACE subgroups with distinct characteristics may help guide prevention strategies and tailor treatment provided by the juvenile justice system.

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Notes

  1. See Baglivio et al. 2014a for detailed methodology on the construction of ACE scores from PACT items.

  2. In keeping with FDJJ standards, to optimize the policy-relevance, race/ethnicity includes White, Black, and Hispanic youth (the youth classified as “other” were excluded from the analysis, as discussed above). According to FDJJ policy, Hispanic ethnicity takes precedence over race, meaning the youth classified as White are White non-Hispanic, and the youth classified as Black are Black non-Hispanic, while Hispanic youth may be either White or Black.

  3. Importantly, while the newly developed three-step process is believed to more accurately and efficiently estimate the relationship between observed covariates and latent class membership, a multilevel version of this mixed regression model has not yet been developed. For that reason, we decided to present those results that were most central to our current analysis, which include standard errors that have been corrected for the multilevel structure present within our data.

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Authors’ Contributions

K.W. conceived of the project and its design, drafted a majority of the manuscript, participated in cleaning the data and performed the vast majority of statistical analyses. C.C. participated in the design of the study, drafted significant portions of the manuscript, and coordinated final proofing of the manuscript. J.I. drafted significant portions of the manuscript, participated in the design of study and coordinated editing of manuscript drafting. M.B. participated in the design of the study, facilitated data management and statistical analysis, guided policy implications from study results, and drafted portions of the manuscript. N.E. participated in the design and coordination of the study, the collection of the data, and data management. All authors read, edited, and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

The authors received no funding for the current research.

Data Sharing and Declaration

The data used for this study are available from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice (FDJJ) but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. However, data are available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of FDJJ.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 524 W 59th Street, New York, NY, 10019, USA

    Kevin T. Wolff & Celina Cuevas

  2. Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Ball State University, North Quad, 282, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA

    Jonathan Intravia

  3. Chief Research Officer, TrueCore Behavioral Solutions, 6302 Benjamin Road, Suite 400, Tampa, Fl, 33634, USA

    Michael T. Baglivio

  4. Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, Office of Research and Data Integrity, 2737 Centerview Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32301, USA

    Nathan Epps

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  1. Kevin T. Wolff
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Correspondence to Kevin T. Wolff.

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Ethical Approval

Approval for this project was acquired from the institutional review boards at both John Jay College of Criminal Justice and the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice.

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As only secondary administrative data was used and results are presented in the aggregate, youth assent was not required.

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Wolff, K.T., Cuevas, C., Intravia, J. et al. The Effects of Neighborhood Context on Exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Among Adolescents Involved in the Juvenile Justice System: Latent Classes and Contextual Effects. J Youth Adolescence 47, 2279–2300 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0887-5

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