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Examining the Contemporaneous, Short-Term, and Long-Term Effects of Secondary Exposure to Violence on Adolescent Substance Use

  • Empirical Research
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Abstract

The relationship between secondary exposure to violence—defined as witnessing violence in the home, community, or school—and adolescent substance use is well-documented. Yet, multi-wave empirical studies examining this relationship are sparse. In addition, studies have only begun to examine whether this relationship varies by the situational components of the violent event. Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), this study examines the contemporaneous, short-term, and long-term effects of secondary exposure to violence on substance use, and whether witnessing violence in which a weapon is present has a different impact on adolescent substance use than does witnessing violence without a weapon. Hierarchical logistic regression models on a racially and ethnically diverse sample of 1670 youth (51.5% female) residing in 79 neighborhoods indicated that: (1) the effects of secondary exposure to violence on alcohol and marijuana use were enduring, albeit attenuated, over time; (2) the effect of secondary exposure to violence on illicit drug use was suppressed in the short-term but significant in the long-term; (3) witnessing violence without a weapon was salient for alcohol and marijuana use at all time points; and (4) witnessing violence with a weapon impacted illicit drug use in the long-term. The results suggest that addressing the consequences of secondary exposure to violence requires prolonged intervention efforts and that the study of secondary exposure to violence requires a more nuanced approach that accounts for situational aspects of the violent event.

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Acknowledgements

This research uses data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN).

Funding

The authors’ did not receive funding for this project.

Author Contributions

G.M.Z. conceived of the study, participated in its design, constructed the methods section, conducted all statistical analyses, constructed the tables and the results section, and edited the introduction, methods, and discussion sections. M.K. participated in the design of the manuscript and edited the introduction, results, and discussion sections. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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  1. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 417 Churchill Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Gregory M. Zimmerman

  2. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 204 Churchill Hall, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Mackenzie Kushner

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The use of the PHDCN data for this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Northeastern University.

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Zimmerman, G.M., Kushner, M. Examining the Contemporaneous, Short-Term, and Long-Term Effects of Secondary Exposure to Violence on Adolescent Substance Use. J Youth Adolescence 46, 1933–1952 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0694-4

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