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Distinguishing Wild Boar from Domestic Pigs in Prehistory: A Review of Approaches and Recent Results

Journal of World Prehistory volume 25, pages 1–44 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

New methods permit archaeologists to distinguish between wild boar and domestic pigs with greater confidence than has been hitherto possible. Metrical methods are the most commonly used; these are reviewed. Assemblages containing a wider range of measurements (as measured by the coefficient of variation [V]) than is found in one population suggest that two populations of different-sized pigs were present, probably indicating separate wild and domestic populations with little or no interbreeding. These assemblages, sometimes taken to indicate animals ‘intermediate’ between wild and domestic, are clear evidence of full domestication. Other traditional means of diagnosing domestication based on age at death (the killing of many young animals) and biogeography (the export of the animal beyond its natural range, especially to islands) are particularly problematic when applied to pigs. New methods include the frequency of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia, which may increase due to domestication-induced stress, the study of diet through isotopes and dental microwear, and the examination of population histories through ancient and modern DNA and geometric morphometrics. These are all promising but should not be considered in isolation: many problems remain.

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Acknowledgments

This paper is an outcome of the Durham Pig Project, funded by the Wellcome Trust (GR060888, and GR071037) and the Arts and Humanities Research Board (B/RG/AN1759/APN10977), and we thank both organisations. Simon Davis, Annat Haber and Akira Matsui provided useful references and much help. Terry O’Connor and an anonymous referee provided comments that have materially improved this paper.

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  1. Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

    Peter Rowley-Conwy

  2. Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Umberto Albarella

  3. Department of Archaeology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK

    Keith Dobney

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  1. Peter Rowley-Conwy
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Correspondence to Peter Rowley-Conwy.

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Rowley-Conwy, P., Albarella, U. & Dobney, K. Distinguishing Wild Boar from Domestic Pigs in Prehistory: A Review of Approaches and Recent Results. J World Prehist 25, 1–44 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10963-012-9055-0

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Keywords

  • Wild boar
  • Domestic pig
  • Domestication
  • Methods
  • Old World