This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Notes
Source: OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators 2008–1.
References
ACOST. (1989). In Defence R&D: A national resource, cabinet office advisory council on science and technology. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Alic, J. A. (2007). Trillions for military technology: How the Pentagon innovates and why it costs so much. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Alic, J. A., Branscomb, L. M., Brooks, H., Carter, A. B., & Epstein, G. L. (1992). Beyond spinoff—military and commercial technologies in a changing world. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Cowan, R., & Foray, D. (1995). Quandaries in the economics of dual technologies and spillovers from military to civilian research and development. Research Policy, 24(6), 851–868. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(94)00802-7.
Edquist, C. (Ed.). (1997). Systems of innovation: Technology, institutions and organisations. London: Pinter.
Gummett, P., & Stein, J. A. (Eds.). (1997). European defence technology in transition. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Hall, P., & James, A. D. (2009). Industry structure and innovation in the UK defence sector. Economics of Peace and Security Journal, 4(1), 23–29.
James, A. D. (2006a). The transatlantic defence R&D gap: Causes, consequences and controversies. Defence and Peace Economics, 17(3), 223–238. doi:10.1080/10242690600645134.
James, A. D. (2006b). Science and technology policies for the anti-terrorism era. In A. D. James (Ed.) Science and technology policies for the anti terrorism era. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Kovacic, W. E., & Smallwood, D. E. (1994). Competition policy, rivalries, and defense industry consolidation. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(4), 91–110.
Kulve, H. T., & Smit, W. A. (2003). Civilian-military cooperation strategies in developing new technologies. Research Policy, 32(6), 955–970. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00105-1.
Lundvall, B.-A. (1992). National systems of innovation: Toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning. London: Pinter.
Melman, S. (1974). The permanent war economy: American capitalism in decline. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Markusen, A., & Yudken, J. (1992). Dismantling the cold war economy. New York: Basic Books.
Molas-Gallart, J. (1997). Which way to go? Defence technology and the diversity of ‘dual-use’ technology. Research Policy, 26(3), 367–385. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00023-1.
Mowery, D. C., & Rosenberg, N. (1993). The United States. In R. R. Nelson (Ed.), National innovation systems: A comparative analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
National Research Council. (2002). Making the nation safer: The role of science and technology in countering terrorism. Washington, DC: National Academies.
Nelson, R. R. (Ed.). (1993). National innovation systems: A comparative analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rappert, B. (2006). “National security, terrorism and the control of life science research”. In A. D. James (Ed.), Science and technology policies for the anti terrorism era. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Rogerson, W. P. (1994). Economic incentives and the defense procurement process. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(4), 65–90.
Ruttan, V. W. (2006). Is war necessary for economic growth? Military procurement and technology development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Samuels, R. (1994). “Rich Nation Strong Army” National Security and the Technological Transformation of Japan. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Servan-Schreiber, J.-J. (1967). Le défi américain. Paris: Denoël.
Stowksy, J. (2004). Secrets to shield or share? New dilemmas for military R&D policy in the digital age. Research Policy, 33(2), 257–269. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2003.07.002.
Walker, W. (1993). National innovation systems: Britain. In R. R. Nelson (Ed.), National innovation systems: A comparative analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Acknowledgements
The papers in this Symposium arose out of two workshops funded by the European Network of Excellence PRIME (Policies for Research and Innovation in the Move towards the European Research Area, www.prime-noe.org). I would like to thank Professor Philippe Laredo who directed the PRIME programme and encouraged this work on defence R&D. The contribution of all those who participated in the two PRIME workshops on Re-evaluating the Role of Military Research in Innovation Systems held in Manchester, UK in September 2005 and May 2007 is gratefully acknowledged and in particular the role of the Joint Scientific project coordinators: Professor Jordi Molas-Gallart; Professor Philippe Laredo; Professor Wim Smit; and Professor Rikard Stankiewicz.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
James, A.D. Reevaluating the role of military research in innovation systems: introduction to the symposium. J Technol Transf 34, 449–454 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-008-9103-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-008-9103-1