Abstract
In this paper, some facts related Joel L. Lebowitz are mentioned. In addition, some of the known theory concerning the statistical physics of freely fluctuating two-dimensional crystals subject to a non-linear elastic hamiltonian is described. Particular topics that are discussed include the existence of two-dimensional crystals in relation to the Hohenberg–Mermin–Wagner theorem, the crumpling transition for freely suspended crystalline membranes and the renormalization of elastic moduli. Although much of what is known has been uncovered since the mid-80s, the topic has become of interest once again due to the discovery of graphene and other two-dimensional crystals. The field is vast so it is the aim of this note to describe some of its fundamental properties.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amorim, B., et al.: Thermodynamics of quantum crystalline membranes. Phys. Rev. B 89, 22 (2014)
Aronovitz, J.A., Lubensky, T.C.: Fluctuations of solid membranes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 25 (1988)
Aronovitz, J., Golubovic, L., Lubensky, T.C.: Fluctuations and lower critical dimensions of crystalline membranes. J. Phys. 50, 6 (1989)
Bernard, E.P., Krauth, W.: Two-step melting in two dimensions: first-order liquid-hexatic transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 15 (2011)
Bladon, P., Frenkel, D.: Dislocation unbinding in dense two-dimensional crystals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 13 (1995)
Bowick, M.J., et al.: Non-Hookean statistical mechanics of clamped graphene ribbons. Phys. Rev. B 95, 10 (2017)
Burmistrov, I.S., et al.: Quantum elasticity of graphene: thermal expansion coefficient and specific heat. Phys. Rev. B 94, 19 (2016)
Cao, Y., et al.: DeGennes unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 556, 7699 (2018)
Chernov, N.I., et al.: Derivation of Ohm’s law in a deterministic mechanical model. Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 15 (1993)
Coquand, O.: Spontaneous symmetry breaking and the flat phase of crystalline membranes. Phys. Rev. B 100, 12 (2019)
Coquand, O., Mouhanna, D.: Flat phase of quantum polymerized membranes. Phys. Rev. E 94, 3 (2016)
David, F., Guitter, E.: Crumpling transition in elastic membranes: renormalization group treatment. EPL Europhys. Lett. 5, 8 (1988)
Dobrushin, R.L., Shlosman, S.B.: Absence of breakdown of continuous symmetry in two-dimensional models of statistical physics. Commun. Math. Phys. 42, 1 (1975)
Friedli, S., Velenik, Y.: Statistical Nechanics of Lattice Systems: A Concrete Mathematical Introduction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2017)
Ganz, E., et al.: The initial stages of melting of graphene between 4000 K and 6000 K. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 5 (2017)
Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S.: The Rise of Graphene. Nanoscience and Technology: A Collection of Reviews from Nature Journals. World Scientific, Singapore (2010)
Guitter, E., et al.: Thermodynamical behavior of polymerized membranes. J. Phys. 50, 14 (1989)
Guitter, E., et al.: Crumpling and buckling transitions in polymerized membranes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 26 (1988)
Guitter, E., Kardar, M.: Tethering, crumpling, and melting transitions in hexatic membranes. EPL Europhys. Lett. 13, 5 (1990)
Halperin, B.I., Nelson, D.R.: Theory of two-dimensional melting. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 2 (1978)
Halperin, B.I.: On the Hohenberg-Mermin-Wagner theorem and its limitations. J. Stat. Phys. 175, 3–4 (2019)
Hohenberg, P.C.: Existence of long-range order in one and two dimensions. Phys. Rev. 158, 2 (1967)
Kantor, Y., Nelson, D.R.: Crumpling transition in polymerized membranes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 26 (1987)
Kantor, Y., Nelson, D.R.: Phase transitions in flexible polymeric surfaces. Phys. Rev. A 36, 8 (1987)
Kardar, M.: Statistical Physics of Fields. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2007)
Kats, E.I., Lebedev, V.V.: Asymptotic freedom at zero temperature in free-standing crystalline membranes. Phys. Rev. B 89, 12 (2014)
Katsnelson, M.I.: Graphene: Carbon in Two Dimensions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2012)
Khanin, K.M., et al.: Self-avoiding walks in five or more dimensions: polymer expansion approach. Russ. Math. Surv. 50, 2 (1995)
Kosterlitz, J.M., Thouless, D.J.: Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems. J. Phys. C 6, 7 (1973)
Kosterlitz, J.M.: Kosterlitz-Thouless physics: a review of key issues. Rep. Prog. Phys. 79, 2 (2016)
Košmrlj, A., Nelson, D.R.: Mechanical properties of warped membranes. Phys. Rev. E 88, 1 (2013)
Košmrlj, A., Nelson, D.R.: Response of thermalized ribbons to pulling and bending. Phys. Rev. B 93, 12 (2016)
Landau, L.D., Lifshitz, E.M.: Elasticity Theory. Pergamon Press, Oxford (1987)
Pierre, L.D., Radzihovsky, L.: Anomalous elasticity, fluctuations and disorder in elastic membranes. Ann. Phys. 392, 340–410 (2018)
Lee, C., et al.: Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science 321, 5887 (2008)
Levy, N., et al.: Strain-induced pseudo-magnetic fields greaterthan 300 tesla in graphene nanobubbles. Science 329, 5991 (2010)
Mermin, N.D., Wagner, H.: Absence of ferromagnetism or antiferromagnetism in one-or two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg models. Phys. Rev. Lett. 17, 22 (1966)
Mermin, N.D.: Crystalline order in two dimensions. Phys. Rev. 176, 1 (1968)
McBryan, O.A., Spencer, T.: On the decay of correlations in SO (n)-symmetric ferromagnets. Commun. Math. Phys. 53, 3 (1977)
Nelson, D.R., Halperin, B.I.: Dislocation-mediated melting in two dimensions. Phys. Rev. B 19, 5 (1979)
Nelson, D.R., Peliti, L.: Fluctuations in membranes with crystalline and hexatic order. J. Phys. 48, 7 (1987)
Nelson, D.R., Piran, T., Weinberg, S. (eds.): Statistical Mechanics of Membranes and Surfaces. World Scientific, Singapore (2004)
Nicholl, R.J.T., et al.: The effect of intrinsic crumpling on the mechanics of free-standing graphene. Nat. Commun. 6, 8789 (2015)
Nicholl, R.J.T., et al.: Hidden area and mechanical nonlinearities in freestanding graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 26 (2017)
Novoselov, K.S., et al.: Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 5696 (2004)
Novoselov, K.S., et al.: Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438, 7065 (2005)
Novoselov, K.S., et al.: Room-temperature quantum Hall effect in graphene. Science 315, 5817 (2007)
Pereira, V.M., Castro Neto, A.H., Peres, N.M.R.: Tight-binding approach to uniaxial strain in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 80, 4 (2009)
Radzihovsky, L., Nelson, D.R.: Statistical mechanics of randomly polymerized membranes. Phys. Rev. A 44, 6 (1991)
Radzihovsky, L., Toner, J.: A new phase of tethered membranes: tubules. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 26 (1995)
Seung, H.S., Nelson, D.R.: Defects in flexible membranes with crystalline order. Phys. Rev. A 38, 2 (1988)
Toner, J.: Elastic anisotropies and long-ranged interactions in solid membranes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 8 (1989)
Wilson, K.G., Kogut, J.: The renormalization group and the \(\epsilon \) expansion. Phys. Rep. 12, 2 (1974)
Young, A.P.: Melting and the vector Coulomb gas in two dimensions. Phys. Rev. B 19, 4 (1979)
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Andrej Košmrlj for many useful discussions and reading the manuscript in preparation. We also would like to thank Siddhartha Sarkar for reading the manuscript in preparation. The first author would like to acknowledge the support of the NSF DMR-1752100 Grant.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Ivan Corwin.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bahri, M.E.H., Sinai, Y. Statistical Mechanics of Freely Fluctuating Two-Dimensional Elastic Crystals. J Stat Phys 180, 739–748 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-020-02512-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-020-02512-4