Skip to main content
Log in

Effect of Salt Mixtures on Aqueous Two-Phase System Composed of PEG 35000: Experiment and Correlation

  • Published:
Journal of Solution Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of PEG35000, Na2CO3, K2CO3, and their mixtures at 298 K was studied. The liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) of these systems, including binodal curves, tie-lines, tie-line length, and slope of the tie-line, were obtained. Additionally, for the first time, salt mixtures with different initial mass ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 were used to prepare the aqueous two-phase systems. The effect of electrolyte and salting-out power for these systems was examined and compared. Consistent with the literature, it was found that the salting-out power of Na+ is higher than that of the K+ cation. Furthermore, in Na2CO3 and K2CO3 mixtures, increasing the amount of sodium ions resulted in stronger salting-out power. The LLE data was correlated with the Othmer-Tobias, Bancroft, and Setschenow models, and good agreement was found with all three models.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

References

  1. Zaslavsky, B.Y.: Aqueous Two-Phase Partitioning: Physical Chemistry and Bioanalytical Applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Salabat, A.: The influence of salts on the phase composition in aqueous two-phase systems: experiments and predictions. Fluid Phase Equilib. 187, 489–498 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Mobalegholeslam, P., Bakhshi, H.: A new model of excess gibbs energy for systems containing polymer–salt–water applicable to aqueous two phase systems. J. Solution Chem. 45(12), 1826–1841 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Grundtvig, I.P.R., Heintz, S., Krühne, U., Gernaey, K.V., Adlercreutz, P., Hayler, J.D., Wells, A.S., Woodley, J.M.: Screening of organic solvents for bioprocesses using aqueous-organic two-phase systems. Biotechnol. Adv. 36, 1801–1814 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Alvarenga, B.G., Virtuoso, L.S., Lemes, N.H., da Silva, L.A., Mesquita, A.F., Nascimento, K.S., Hespanhol da Silva, M.C., Mendes da Silva, L.H.: Measurement and correlation of the phase equilibrium of aqueous two-phase systems composed of polyethylene(glycol) 1500 or 4000 + sodium sulfite + water at different temperatures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 59, 382–390 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Virtuoso, L.S., Vello, K.A., de Oliveira, A.A., Junqueira, C.M., Mesquita, A.F., Lemes, N.H., de Carvalho, R.M., da Silva, M.C., da Silva, L.H.: Measurement and modeling of phase equilibrium in aqueous two-phase systems: L35 + sodium citrate + water, L35 sodium tartrate + water, and L35 + sodium hydrogen sulfite + water at different temperatures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 57, 462–468 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Voros, N., Proust, P., Fredenslund, A.: Liquid-liquid phase equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems containing salts and polyethylene glycol. Fluid Phase Equilib. 90, 333–353 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mishima, K., Nakatani, K., Nomiyama, T., Matsuyama, K., Nagatani, M., Nishikawa, H.: Liquid-liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems containing polyethylene glycol and dipotassium hydrogenphosphate. Fluid Phase Equilib. 107(2), 269–276 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Zafarani-Moattar, M.T., Sadeghi, R.: Liquid-liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems containing polyethylene glycol and sodium dihydrogen phosphate or disodium hydrogen phosphate: experiment and correlation. Fluid Phase Equilib. 181(1–2), 95–112 (2001)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Haghtalab, A., Mokhtarani, B.: The new experimental data and a new thermodynamic model based on group contribution for correlation liquid-liquid equilibria in aqueous two-phase systems of PEG and (K2HPO4 or Na2SO4). Fluid Phase Equilib. 215, 151–161 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tubío, G., Pellegrini, L., Nerli, B.B., Picó, G.A.: Liquid-liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems containing poly(ethylene glycols) of different molecular weight and sodium citrate. J. Chem. Eng. Data 51(1), 209–212 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Perumalsamy, M., Murugesan, T.: Prediction of liquid–liquid equilibria for PEG 2000–sodium citrate based aqueous two-phase systems. Fluid Phase Equilib. 244(1), 52–61 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Carvalho, R.D.A., Penido, J.A., Lobo, F.A., Machado, P.A.L., Teixeira, N.H.L., Virtuoso, L.S., de Lemos, L.R., Rodrigues, G.D., Barbosa Mageste, A.: Thermodynamic investigation of the aqueous two-phase systems formed by PEG 400+ water+ either sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate at different temperatures: experimental and correlational approaches. J. Chem. Eng. Data 64(2), 448–458 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jimenez, Y.P., Galleguillos, H.R.: (Liquid + liquid) equilibrium of (NaNO3 + PEG 4000 + H2O) ternary system at different temperatures. Chem. Thermodyn. 43(11), 1573–1578 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Jimenez, Y.P., Taboada, M.E., Galleguillos, H.R.: Cloud-point measurements of the H2O + poly(ethylene glycol) + NaNO3 system. Chem. Thermodyn. 43(8), 1204–1210 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Iyyaswami, R., Belur, P.D., Girish, B., Nagaraj, V.H.: Development and evaluation of PEG-lithium citrate salt based aqueous two phase system and its application in partitioning of proteins from fish industry Effluent. Sep. Sci. Technol. 47(4), 591–598 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hamta, A., Dehghani, M.R., Gholami, M.: Novel experimental data on aqueous two–phase system containing PEG–6000 and Na2CO3 at T=(293.15, 303.15 and 313.15) K. J. Mol. Liq. 241, 144–149 (2017)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Oliveira, A.C., Sosa, F.H.B., de Costa, M.C., de Souza Monteiro Filho, E., Ceriani, R.: Study of liquid-liquid equilibria in aqueous two-phase systems formed by poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O35⋅H2O) at different temperatures. Fluid Phase Equilib. 476, 118–125 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fakhari, M.A., Rahimpour, F.: Measurements and thermodynamic modeling of liquid–liquid equilibrium of PEG 6000–phosphate affinity aqueous two-phase systems at various ligand concentrations and pH. Phys. Chem. Liq. 58(4), 483–499 (2020)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Carmody, W.R.: Modified methyl yellow indicator for direct titration of sodium carbonate. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 17(3), 141–142 (1945)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Merchuk, J.C., Andrews, B.A., Asenjo, J.A.: Aqueous two-phase systems for protein separation: studies on phase inversion. J. Chromatogr. B 711(1–2), 285–293 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mei, L.H., Lin, D.Q., Zhu, Z.Q., Han, Z.X.: Densities and viscosities of polyethylene glycol+salt+water systems at 20 degree C. J. Chem. Eng. Data 40(6), 1168–1171 (1995)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Othmer, D., Tobias, P.: Tie-line correlation. Ind. Eng. Chem. 34(6), 693–696 (1942)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. González-Tello, P., Camacho, F., Blázquez, G., Alarcón, F.J.: Liquid-liquid equilibrium in the system poly (ethylene glycol) + MgSO4 + H2O at 298K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 41(6), 1333–1336 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Setschenow, J.Z.: Phys. Chem. (Leipzig) 4, 117 (1889)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Faria, D.N., da Silva, A.S., Virtuoso, L.S., Nascimento, K.S., Nagano, C.S., Mesquita, A.F.: Aqueous two-phase systems of mixture of triblock copolymer (EO)13(PO)30(EO)13 (L64) and sulfate salts at different temperatures. J. Chem. Eng. Data 60(6), 1722–1726 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Govindarajan, R., Perumalsamy, M.: Phase equilibrium of PEG 2000+ triammonium citrate+ water system relating PEG molecular weight, cation, anion with effective excluded volume, Gibbs free energy of hydration, size of cation, and type of anion at (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data 58(11), 2952–2958 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Veloso, A.C., Patrício, P.R., Quintão, J.C., de Carvalho, R.M., da Silva, L.H., Hespanhol, M.C.: Phase equilibrium of aqueous two-phase systems composed by L35 triblock copolymer + organic and inorganic ammonium electrolytes + water at 298.2 and 313.2 K. Fluid Phase Equilib. 469, 26–32 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ferreira, L.A., Teixeira, J.A.: Salt effect on the aqueous two-phase system PEG 8000−sodium sulfate. J. Chem. Eng. Data 56(1), 133–137 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Marcus, Y.: Thermodynamics of solvation of ions. Part 5. Gibbs free energy of hydration at 298.15 K. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 87(18), 2995–2999 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Hand, D.B.: Dineric distribution. J. Phys. Chem. 34(9), 1961–2000 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Tomé, L.I., Pinho, S.P., Jorge, M., Gomes, J.R., Coutinho, J.A.: Salting-in with a salting-out agent: explaining the cation specific effects on the aqueous solubility of amino acids. J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 6116–6128 (2013)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hossein Dashti Khavidaki.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khavidaki, H.D., Asadi, Z. & Salabat, A. Effect of Salt Mixtures on Aqueous Two-Phase System Composed of PEG 35000: Experiment and Correlation. J Solution Chem 53, 1409–1418 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-024-01381-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-024-01381-9

Keywords

Navigation