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Liquid–Liquid Phase Equilibrium and Ion-Exchange Exploration for Aqueous Two-Phase Systems of ([C4mim]Cl + K2CO3 or K3C6H5O7 + water) at Different Temperatures

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Abstract

Liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data and phase diagrams for new aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) + tripotassium citrate or potassium carbonate + water were determined experimentally at T = (283.15, 293.15, 298.15, 308.15, and 313.15) K and p = 94 kbar. The effect of the temperature, anion, composition, and ion exchange were evaluated in the formation of these ATPSs. It was observed that decreasing the temperature promoted the phase separation in both ATPSs indicating the exothermic character of the process. The ability of different anions to induce phase separation was compared and the order for the strength of the salting out effect observed was \({\text{PO}}_{4}^{3-}>{\text{HPO}}_{4}^{2-}>{\text{CO}}_{3}^{2-}>{\text{C}}_{6}{\text{H}}_{5}{\text{O}}_{7}^{3-}\gg {\text{HO}}^{-}\). The extent of ion exchange between the equilibrium phases in the two different ATPSs was experimentally evaluated and found to be negligible. The binodal curves were fitted to an empirical non-linear expression and the salting out effect was explored using the type-Setschenow equation and the consistence of equilibrium data was evaluated theoretically using the Othmer–Tobias, Hand and Bancroft equations. Finally, the liquid–liquid equilibrium in the ATPSs evaluated in the present work were modelled by NRTL model.

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  • 11 April 2023

    The original online version of this article was revised: Section Headings 5 and 5.1 has been removed.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais” (FAPEMIG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior” (CAPES) and the “Ministério da Educação (MEC)” for the financial support. The authors thank the MSc Raphael A.B. Gomes for the help with the abstract graphic.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Colloid Chemistry Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil

    Poliana A. L. Machado, Marcello H. S. Cavalcanti, Nelson H. T. Lemes & Luciano S. Virtuoso

  2. Inorganic Chemistry Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil

    Fábio A. B. Silva & Eduardo T. de Almeida

  3. Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG, 35400-000, Brazil

    Marcus V. C. Cardoso

  4. Macromolecules and Surfactantes Group, Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil

    Anderson F. Mesquita

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  1. Poliana A. L. Machado
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Correspondence to Luciano S. Virtuoso.

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Machado, P.A.L., Cavalcanti, M.H.S., Silva, F.A.B. et al. Liquid–Liquid Phase Equilibrium and Ion-Exchange Exploration for Aqueous Two-Phase Systems of ([C4mim]Cl + K2CO3 or K3C6H5O7 + water) at Different Temperatures. J Solution Chem 51, 320–344 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-021-01137-9

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