Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

New Physico-Chemical Properties of Extremely Diluted Solutions. Electromotive Force Measurements of Galvanic Cells Sensible to the Activity of NaCl at 25 °C

  • Published:
Journal of Solution Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The mean ionic activity coefficients for sodium chloride in the NaCl+H2O binary system have been experimentally determined at 298.15 K, from electromotive force measurements of the cell:

$$(-)\,\mathrm{Pt}|\mathrm{Ag}|\mathrm{AgCl}|\mathrm{NaCl}(\mathrm{m}_{2})\|\mathrm{NaCl}(\mathrm{m}_{1})|\mathrm{AgCl}|\mathrm{Ag}|\mathrm{Pt}\,(+)$$

The electrolyte molality, m, ranged from 0.01 to 3 mol⋅kg−1. The measurements of electromotive force were carried out on solutions containing pure water as solvent, or a mix of water and “extremely diluted solutions” (EDS), obtained using the iterative procedure of successive dilutions and succussions of Homeopathic Medicine, at the same concentration of sodium chloride. The measurements of the mean activity coefficient of sodium chloride, on the solutions containing the EDS, showed evidence of some relevant differences compared to those with just water as solvent. In the performed experiments, the differences in electromotive force between the two systems must be attributed substantially to a difference in the activity of the solute between the two solvents.

The analysis of the activity coefficients was interpreted by considering the different kinds of interactions that can take place in the mixed system, due to the presence of molecular aggregates of water molecules, i.e., dissipative structures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mishima, O., Stanley, H.E.: Decompression-induced melting of ice IV and the liquid–liquid transition in water. Nature 392, 164–168 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Malescio, G., Franzese, G., Skibinsky, A., Buldyrev, V., Sergey, V., Stanley, H.E.: Liquid-liquid phase transition for an attractive isotropic potential with wide repulsive range. Phys. Rev. E 71, 061504/1–061504/8 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bakker, H.J., Kropman, M.F., Omta, A.W.: Effect of ions on the structure and dynamics of liquid water. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 17, 3215–3224 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Robinson, G.W., Cho, C.H., Gellene, G.I.: Refractive index mysteries of water. J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 7179–7182 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Woutersen, S., Bakker, H.J.: Resonant intermolecular transfer of vibrational energy in liquid water. Nature 402, 507–509 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lobyshev, V.I., Shikhlinskaya, R.E., Ryzhikov, B.D.: Experimental evidence for intrinsic luminescence of water. J. Mol. Liq. 82, 73–81 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lobyshev, V.I., Solovey, A.B., Bulienkov, N.A.: Computer construction of modular structures of water. J. Mol. Liq. 106, 277–297 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Elia, V., Niccoli, M.: Thermodynamics of extremely diluted aqueous solutions. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 879, 241–248 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Elia, V., Niccoli, M.: New Physico-chemical properties of water induced by mechanical treatments. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 61, 527–537 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Elia, V., Niccoli, M.: New physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted solutions. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 75, 815–836 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Elia, V., Napoli, E., Niccoli, M., Nonatelli, L., Ramaglia, A., Ventimiglia, E.: New physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions. A calorimetric and conductivity study at 25 °C. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 78, 331–342 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Elia, V., Marchese, M., Montanino, M., Napoli, E., Niccoli, M., Nonatelli, L., Ramaglia, A.: Hydrohysteretic phenomenon of “extremely diluted solutions” induced by mechanical treatments. A calorimetric and conductometric study at 25 °C. J. Solution Chem. 34, 947–960 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Elia, V., Elia, L., Cacace, P., Napoli, E., Niccoli, M., Savarese, F.: “Extremely Diluted Solutions” as multi-variables systems: a study of calorimetric and conductometric behaviour as a function of the time parameter. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 84, 317–323 (2006)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Elia, V., Elia, L., Napoli, E., Niccoli, M.: Conductometric and calorimetric studies of serially diluted and agitated solutions: the dependence of intensive parameters on volume. Int. J. Ecodynamics 1, 1–12 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Elia, V., Elia, L., Marchese, M., Montanino, M., Napoli, E., Niccoli, M., Nonatelli, L., Savarese, F.: Interaction of “extremely diluted solutions” with aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. A calorimetric study at 298 K. J. Mol. Liq. 130, 15–20 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Elia, V., Elia, L., Montanino, M., Napoli, E., Niccoli, M., Nonatelli, L.: Conductometric studies of the serially diluted and agitated solutions on an anomalous effect that depends on the dilution process. J. Mol. Liq. 135, 158–165 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Elia, V., Napoli, E., Niccoli, M., Marchettini, N., Tiezzi, E.: Physico-chemical properties of extremely diluted aqueous solutions in relation to ageing. J. Solution Chem. 37, 85–96 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Belon, P., Elia, V., Elia, L., Montanino, M., Napoli, E., Niccoli, M.: Conductometric and calorimetric studies of the serially diluted and agitated solutions. On the combined anomalous effect of time and volume parameters. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. (2007, in press)

  19. Elia, V., Elia, L., Napoli, E., Niccoli, E.: On the stability of extremely diluted aqueous solutions at high ionic strength. A calorimetric study at 298 K. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. (2007, in press)

  20. Elia, V., Elia, L., Marchettini, N., Napoli, E., Niccoli, M., Tiezzi, E.: Conductometric behaviour of extremely diluted solutions in relation to ageing. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. (2007, in press)

  21. Rey, L.: Thermoluminescence of ultra-high dilutions of lithium chloride and sodium chloride. Physica A 323, 67–74 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Samal, S., Geckeler, K.E.: Unexpected solute aggregation in water on dilution. Chem. Commun. 2224–2225 (2001)

  23. Lo, S.Y.: Anomalous state of ice. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 10, 909–919 (1996)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lo, S.Y., Lo, A., Chong, L.W., Tianzhang, L., Hua, L.H., Geng, X.: Physical properties of water with I E structure. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 10, 921–930 (1996)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hahnemann, S.: Organon of Medicine, VI edn., RED Edizioni (1985)

  26. Galleguillos-Castro, H.R., Hernández-Luis, F., Fernández-Mérida, L., Esteso, M.A.: Thermodynamic study of the NaCl+Na2SO4+H2O system by Emf measurements at four temperatures. J. Solution Chem. 28, 791–807 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hamer, W.J., Wu, Y.-C.: Osmotic coefficients and mean activity coefficients of univalent electrolytes in water at 25 C. J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data 1, 1047–1099 (1972)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Inoue, Y., Liu, Y., Tong, L., Shen, B., Jin, D.: Calorimetric titration of inclusion complexation with modified beta-cyclodextrins. Enthalpy-entropy compensation in host-guest complexation: from ionophore to cyclodextrin and cyclophane. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 10637–10644 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Nicolis, G.: Physics of far-equilibrium systems and self-organization. In: Davies, P. (ed.) The New Physics. Cambridge University Press, New York (1989)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Prigogine, I.: Time, Structure and Fluctuations. Nobel Lecture, 8 December 1977

  31. Magnani, A., Marchettini, N., Ristori, S., Rossi, C., Rossi, F., Rustici, M., Spalla, O., Tiezzi, E.: Chemical waves and pattern formation in the 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/water lamellar system. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 11406–11407 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University “Federico II” of Naples, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy

    L. Ciavatta, V. Elia, E. Napoli & M. Niccoli

Authors
  1. L. Ciavatta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. Elia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E. Napoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. Niccoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. Elia.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ciavatta, L., Elia, V., Napoli, E. et al. New Physico-Chemical Properties of Extremely Diluted Solutions. Electromotive Force Measurements of Galvanic Cells Sensible to the Activity of NaCl at 25 °C. J Solution Chem 37, 1037–1049 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-008-9299-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10953-008-9299-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation