Abstract
This paper proposes a new numerical procedure, based on an evolutionary optimization algorithm, for the simultaneous generation of the three components of the seismic ground acceleration at sites in the vicinity of recording stations. Different from other studies proposed to simulate only one component of the seismic excitation, in this paper, the three components are generated simultaneously in a single stage. The methodology allows the determination of a train of seismic waves, modeled as Morlet’s wavelets, that are next used for the generation of ground acceleration components. The parameters of each wave, i.e., amplitude, frequency, duration, time of arrival, and direction, are determined using an evolutionary optimization algorithm. The seismic wave train is validated by comparison with the recorded accelerograms and respective response spectra. Next, these same seismic waves are used for the simultaneous simulation of the three seismic acceleration time histories at locations on the surface close to the seismic station. The results suggest that the proposed methodology can be used for engineering applications in which the ground motion must be specified at various points, for instance in the case of electric power transmission lines or at bridge supports. Highlights: A complete methodology to simultaneously generate the 3 components of seismic accelerograms is proposed in this work. A train of seismic waves is obtained, via Morlet’s wavelets, which allows simulating accelerograms at different points. The results showed that the proposed method is a simple and effective tool that can be used in practical situations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Adapted from Civicioglu (2013)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ABNT NBR 15421 (2006) Projeto de Estruturas Resistentes a Sismos - Procedimento
Amin M, Ang AHS (1968) Non-stationary stochastic model of earthquake motion. J Eng Mech (ASCE) 94:559–583
Amiri MF, Eyvari SAS, Hasanpoor H, Amiri MS (2018) Generation of synthetic earthquake records by artificial intelligence techniques. Int J Civ Eng 8(1):15–82. http://ijoce.iust.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html
Amiri GG, Bagheri A, Razaghi SAS (2009) Generation of multiple earthquake accelerograms compatible with spectrum via the wavelet packet transform and stochastic neural networks. J Earthq Eng 13:899–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460802687728
Amiri GG, Shahjouei A, Saadat S, Ajallooeian M (2011) Hybrid evolutionary-neural network approach in generation of artificial accelerograms using principal component analysis and wavelet-packet transform. J Earthquake Eng 15:50–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2010.517281
Bollettino Sismico Italiano - Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Centro Nazionale Terremoti. http://bollettinosismico.rm.ingv.it/
Bruna RA, Riera JD (1988) Towards the simultaneous generation of the three components of the seismic acceleration on rock surface. Nuclear Eng Design 110(2):153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(88)90017-9
Bycroft GN (1960) White noise representation of earthquakes. J Eng Mech (ASCE) 86:1–16
Cacciola P (2010) A stochastic approach for generating spectrum compatible fully nonstationary earthquake. Comput Struct 88(15–16):889–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2010.04.009
Cacciola P, Deodatis G (2011) A method for generating fully non-stationary and spectrum-compatible ground motion vector processes. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 31(3):351–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.09.003
Castello B, Selvaggi G, Chiarabba C, Amato A (2006) CSI Catalogo de lla sismicità italiana 1981–2002, versione 1.1. INGV-CNT, Roma. http://www.ingv.it/CSI/
Civicioglu P (2013) Backtracking search optimization algorithm for numerical optimization problems. Appl Math Comput 219(15):8121–8144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2013.02.017
Clough R, Penzien J (1993) Dynamics of structures. McGraw-Hill, Inc
Conte JP, Peng BF (1997) Fully nonstationary analytical earthquake ground-motion model. J Eng Mech 123:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:1(15)
Dalla Chiesa D, Miguel LFF (2019) Methodology for simulation of the three components of seismic acceleration Bull Seismol Soc Am 109(6):2427–2436. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120190042
Domingues MO, Mendes O, Kaibara MK, Menconi VE, Bernardes E (2016) Explorando a transformada wavelet contínua. Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física 38. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9126-RBEF-2016-0019
Douglas J, Aochi H (2008) A survey of techniques for predicting earthquake ground motions for engineering purposes. Surv Geophys 29(3):187–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-008-9046-y
Du W, Ning C-L (2020) Modeling spatial cross-correlation of multiple ground motion intensity measures (SAs, PGA, PGV, Ia, CAV, and significant durations) based on principal component and geostatistical analyses. Earthquake Spectra SAGE 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/8755293020952442
ESM - Engineering Strong-Motion database. https://esm.mi.ingv.it. [accessed April 2020]
Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog (Global CMT). http://www.globalcmt.org/CMTsearch.html
Hjortur T, Kiremidjian AS (2002) Simulation of digital earthquake accelerograms using the inverse discrete Fourier transform. Earthquake Eng Struct Dynam 31(12):2023–2048. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.198
Housner GW (1947) Characteristics of strong-motion earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 37(1):19–31
Huang D, Wang G (2017) Energy-compatible and spectrum-compatible (ECSC) ground motion simulation using wavelet packets. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 46(11):1855–1873. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2887
INGV-Webservice. http://webservices.rm.ingv.it/fdsnws/event/1/
Iyengar RN, Iyengar KTS (1969) A nonstationary random process model for earthquake acceleration. Bull Seismol Soc Am 59(3):1163–1188
Kanai K (1961) An empirical formula for the spectrum of strong earthquake motions. Bull Earthq Res Inst 39:85–95
Kennett BLN, Engdahl ER (1991) Travel times for global earthquake location and phase association. Geophys J Int 105:429–465 (http://ds.iris.edu/spud/earthmodel/10131355)
Kitada Y, Masao T, Ohsaki Y, Kanda J, Iwasaki R, Sakata K (1983) Simulated earthquake ground motions by gauss wave superimposition method. K - Seismic Response Analysis of Nuclear Power Plant Systems K1 - Wave Propagation and Ground Motions SMiRT 7 - Chicago, USA. August 22–26
Lam N, Wilson J, Hutchinson G (2000) Generation of synthetic accelerograms using seismological modelling: a review. J Earthquake Eng 4(3):321–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460009350374
Lee SC, Han SW (2002) Neural-network-based models for generating artificial earthquakes and response spectra. Comput Struct 80(20–21):1627–1638. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(02)00112-8
Li B, Xie WC, Pandey MD (2016) Generate tri-directional spectra-compatible time histories using HHT method. Nucl Eng Des 308:73–85
Liu TJ, Hong HP (2016) Assessment of spatial coherency using tri-directional ground motions. J Earthquake Eng 20(5):773–794. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2015.1104760
Masao T, Ohsaki Y, Ohkawa I, Iwasaki R (1980) Simulated earthquake ground motion by Gauss Waves. In: Proceedings of 1980 Annual Meeting of Architectural Institute of Japan, Structural division, pp 481–482
Miguel LFF, Miguel LFF, Lopez RH (2016) Simultaneous optimization of force and placement of friction dampers under seismic loading. Eng Optim 48(4):582–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2015.1025774
Miguel LFF, Miguel LFF, Lopez RH (2016) Failure probability minimization of buildings through passive friction dampers. Structural Design of Tall and Spectral Buildings 25(17):869–885. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1287
Newland DE (1994) Wavelet analysis of vibration Part i: Theory. J Vib Acoust 116:409–416
Newland DE (1994) Wavelet analysis of vibration Part II: Wavelet Maps. J Vib Acoust 116:417–425
Rajasekaran S, Latha V, Lee SC (2006) Generation of artificial earthquake motion records using wavelets and principal component analysis. J Earthquake Eng 10(5):665–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460609350614
Riera JD, Nanni LF, Scherer RJ (1986) On the definition of the intensity of seismic excitation in nuclear power plant design. Nucl Eng Des 92(2):207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(86)90247-5
Rofooei FR, Aghababaii M, Ahmadi G (2001) Generation of artificial earthquake records with a nonstationary Kanai-Tajimi model. Eng Struct 23(7):827–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(00)00093-6
Sá AO, Nedjah N, Mourelle M (2014) Genetic and backtracking search optimization algorithms applied to localization problems. In: Murgante B, Misra S, Rocha AC, Torre C, Rocha JG, Falcão MI, Taniar D, Apduhan BO, Gervasi O (eds) Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2014, vol 8583. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp 738–746
Sharbati R, Ramazi HR, Khoshnoudian F, Amindavar HR, Rabbani H (2019) Stochastic model for simulation of ground-motion sequences using kernel-based smoothed wavelet transform and Gaussian mixture distribution. J Earthquake Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1605948
Shinozuka M, Sato Y (1967) Simulation of nonstationary random process. J Eng Mech (ASCE) 93:11–40
Suárez LE, Montejo LA (2005) Generation of artificial earthquakes via the wavelet transform. International Journal Solids Structures 42(21–22):5905–5919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.03.025
Tajimi H (1960) A statistical method of determining the maximum response of a building structure during an earthquake. In: Proceedings of 2th World Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, vol 1, pp 781–797
Trifunac MD, Brady AG (1975) A study of the duration of strong earthquake ground motion. Bull Seismol Soc Am 65:581–626
Trovato S, D’Amorea E, Yuec Q, Spanos PD (2017) An approach for synthesizing tri-component ground motions compatible with hazard-consistent target spectrum - Italian aseismic code application. Soil Dynam Earthq Eng 93:121–134
Vlachos C, Deodatis G, Papakonstantinou KG (2015) A fully parametric non-stationary spectral-based stochastic ground motion model. 12th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, ICASP12. Vancouver, Canada, July 12–15. https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/53032/items/1.0076060
Wells DL, Coppersmith KJ (1994) New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84(4):974–1002
Funding
The authors acknowledge the financial support of Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Availability of data, material, and codes
Accelerograms can be obtained from the Engineering Strong-Motion database at https://esm.mi.ingv.it (last accessed April 2021).
All data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chiesa, D.D., Miguel, L.F.F. & Riera, J.D. Simultaneous simulation of the three components of seismic accelerograms at locations around seismological stations. J Seismol 25, 1361–1384 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-021-10050-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-021-10050-z